Smmd&urwg 




State Heate 



Copyrighted, 1915 
Kate Meade 



General Survey of Irish History 



and 



Contemporaneous Events 



BY 

KATE MEADE 



*Oo t>e&n •OATi t>o riiumncip X)6." 



Chicago, iqij 

J. S. HYLAND & CO. 

Publishers 



-& 






To the Noble Race 

Whose History and Achievements, 

IF KNOWN, 

Would make them the Most Renowned 

and Respected People in the World, 

This Volume is Respectfully 

Inscribed by 

THE AUTHOR 



JAN 18 1915 

i)CI.A391383 



PREFACE 

These outlines are respectfully offered as an aid to busy 
teachers and students in acquiring a more comprehensive 
knowledge of the History of Ireland. It is a difficult mat- 
ter to recommend a single text book, as there are many good 
points to be found in every one; yet, not all the good can 
be found in any one. The outlines systematize the matter 
and will aid materially in studying the subject from a va- 
riety of books. 

The study of history properly pursued should be more than 
the memorizing of a number of facts. It should be a good 
mental exercise leading towards the philosophy of history, 
and to the thorough understanding of the fundamental prin- 
ciples which are the basis of all good government. 

"History is philosophy teaching by experience," and by the 
study thereof the student should be led to profit by the tradi- 
tions and experience of his ancestors. The study of Biog- 
raphy, therefore, constitutes an important part of history, it 
is the study of history makers. 

The study of the lives and achievements of the patriots 
who labored to secure Ireland's inalienable rights, the 
martyrs whom persecution could not subdue, proscription 
discourage, or the penal laws deter, and who preferred death 
to dishonor, certainly gives examples of self-sacrifice, integ- 
rity and patriotism most ennobling and valuable to the citi- 
zen of any nation. 

The outlines with the suggested references are intended to 
encourage the student to read extensively. It is also sug- 
gested that students be required to keep note-books so that 
the opinions of various writers may be compared. 

That these outlines may serve as a convenient key to open 
wide the door leading to the corridors of that magnificent 
mansion containing the boundless records of the intellectual 
attainments and glorious achievements of our ancestors, al- 
lowing all who will to enter and become acquainted with the 
long hidden truth about the IRISH RACE, is the wish of 

THE AUTHOR. 



THE COVER DESIGN. 

In many great libraries and museums of Europe may be 
found numbers of cherished and priceless old Irish manu- 
scripts, the pages of which possess additional poetic beauty 
and charm for those who know the symbolism of Irish Art. 
Every line, space and unit in a truly Celtic design is sym- 
bolic. 

In Celtic Art the band or thread with its interlaced wind- 
ings and turns signifies Life with its complications, intrica- 
cies and mysteries. Many lives are woven into the whole or 
greater design — the life of a Nation. In the center, or above 
all, is the Great Circle representing the omniscient Mind or 
all-seeing Eye of God watching and directing all for eternity. 
Each life performs its part in building the history of a 
nation, and if that part be worthy and true, each life then 
holds its place, however small, in God's beautiful design. 

Above the circle is an appropriate quotation in the Irish 
language and above the scroll are the two birds, the message 
bearers. Within the great circle are four knots and a small 
circle within which are three small dots or stars, typifying 
special gifts of God. A knot in Celtic Art signifies the Love 
of God. 

As the four knots are surrounded and embraced by the 
great circle in the cover design, so may the omnipotent God 
ever hold in His infinite love all the people of the four 
provinces of Ireland secure in the possession of His precious 
gifts of Life, Liberty and Happiness. 

KATE MEADE. 



General Survey of Irish History 

with 

Contemporaneous Events 



Geography of Ireland I 

Pre-Christian Ireland II 

Early Christian Ireland Ill 

The Danish Invasion IV 

Anglo-Norman Invasion— 1172-1547 (375 years) V 

Periods of Insurrection, Confiscation and Plantation VI 

1547-1690 (A Century and a Half). 
1st Period — From Edward VI to Cromwell. 
2nd Period — From The Restoration to Treaty of 
Limerick— 1688-1691. 

The Penal Laws— 1693-1782 VII 

Struggle Between English and Irish Parliaments — 

1698-1782 VIII 

Independent Irish Parliament IX 

Irish Rebellion of 1798 X 

Fall of the Irish Parliament XI 

Act of Legislative Union with England 1800. 

Rising of United Irish Men 1803 XII 

Struggle for Catholic Emancipation XIII 

Young Ireland Movement and Famine of 1847-1848. .XIV 

The Fenians and Disestablishment — 1848-1869 XV 

The Land Question— 1869-1903 XVI 



1. GEOGRAPHY OF IRELAND. 

1. Location— Size— (32524 Sq. Miles). 

a. Advantages of location. (About 300 

miles long, 175 miles wide.) 

b. Disadvantages. 

2. Names. 

a. Inis Ealga — (Noble Island). 

b. Bahmba. Fodhla. Eire. 

c. Inis Fail — by Milesians — (Isle of Des- 

tiny). 

d. Scotia Major — after Milesian Queen. 

e. Hibernia (by Romans), 

f. Inis Na. Naoimh (In nis na Neeve) Isle 

of Saints. 

5. Provinces. 

a Munster (Thomond— north. 

a. Munster f Desm0 nd— south. 

b. Leinster. 

c. Ulster. 

d. Connaught. 

(a, b, c, and d have had various bound- 
aries according to the aggressiveness 
of the ruling chief). 

e. Meath — a province given to the high 

king. 

7 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

4. Counties — introduced by England. 

1. Waterford, 4. Limerick, 
Munster 2. Tipperary, 5. Cork, 

3. Clare, 6. Kerry. 

1. Louth, 8. Queen's County, 

2. Meath, 7. King's County, 

Leinster 3 * West Meath > 9 - Carlow, 

4. Longford, 10. Wicklow, 

5. Dublin, 11. Wexford, 

6. Kildare, 12. Kilkenny. 

1. Donegal, 6. Monaghan, 

2. Londonderry, 7. Tyrone, 
Ulster 3- Antrim, 8. Fermanagh, 

4. Down. 9. Cavan. 

5. Armagh, 

1. Roscommon, 4. Mayo, 
Connaught 2. Leitrim, 5. Galway. 

3. Sligo. 

5. Rivers. 

Shannon, Suire, Slaney, Lee, 

Boyne, Moy, Nore, Foyle, 

Bann, Avoca, Erne, 

Blackwater, Liffey, Barron. 

6. Mountains. Highest 

Mourne Mountains. Point. 

Sliev Donald 2796 ft. 

Mountains near Clew Bay in Mayo. 

Muilrea 2638 ft. 

Macgillicuddy Reeks of Kerry. 

Garran Tual 3414 ft. 

8 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

Wicklow Mountains. 
Lugganaquila 3039 ft. 

7. Lakes. 

Killarney, 

Lough Neagh, 

1. Lough Allen. 2. Lough Ree. 3. Lough 

Derg — Expansions of the Shannon. 
Lough Corrib. 
Lough Erne, Mask and Conn. 

8. Bogs. 

a. Kinds — Mountain bogs and flat bogs. 

That bog lying east of the Shannon 
known as the Bog of Allen. Barrow 
Bog — almost as large as the Bog of 
Allen. 

b. Number. 

Over 1000 bogs in Ireland. 

c. Uses. 

Bogs are sometimes dry and firm and 
by draining can be made productive. 
Turf cutting and drying for fuel. 
Turf lands becoming more valuable. 

d. History — Early stages of coal formation. 

Bog-oak — petrified wood. 

Bog lands of France and Germany. 

9. Minerals. 

Coal, iron, lead, copper, silver, gold, slate 

and marble. 

Mines comparatively undeveloped. 

9 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

11. Climate. 

Three-fourths of the year, the island is 
visited by the westerlies laden with mois- 
ture. 



II. PRE CHRISTIAN IRELAND. 

1. Early Inhabitants. 

a. Firbolgs — A dark-haired race, short of 

stature like the Laplanders.. Lived in- 
land — cultivated the soil. The last king 
of the Firbolgs was Eocaid. 

b. Fomorians — Also a dark-haired race — 

tall, great seamen and fishermen ; lived 
on the islands of the western coast. 
Were more warlike than the Firbolgs. 
Were strong and full of the spirit of 
adventure. Builders of temples. 

c. Tuatha De Danaans — The people were 

golden-haired, blue-eyed, and had fea- 
tures like the Greeks. They were trad- 
ers and manufacturers. They were 
supposed to have come from Attica; 
sailed across the North Sea and came to 
the entrance of Lough Foyle. They 
burned their boats so there would be no 
going back. 

2. Contest Between Firbolgs and Tuatha De 

Danaans. 

a. Sreng and Breas. 

b. Nuadat — leader of the De Danaans. 

10 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

c. Battle of Southern Mag Tured — Lough 

Corrib — "The plain of the rock pil- 
lars." 

d. Treaty — Sreng — to govern one province, 

the De Danaans — the rest. Sreng chose 
Connaught. 

3. Contest Between De Danaans and Fomorians. 

a. Breas succeeds King Nuadat, who was 

wounded. (A king who was not phys- 
ically perfect might not rule). 
Breas was half De Danaans and half Fo- 
morian. He was tyrannical and over- 
bearing and was driven from the king- 
dom. Fled to Balor of the "evil eye" 
and persuaded him to attack the De 
Danaans. 

b. Battle of Northern Mag Tured. (Moy- 

tura). 
King Nuadat healed of his wound, again 
in command, led his forces against the 
Fomorians, who were defeated. In the 
battle, Naudat and many chiefs fell. 

4. Civilization of the De Danaans. 

a. Irish Pyramids at Brugh on the Boyne. 

Now called the mounds of Newgrange, 
Knowth and Dowth. 

b. Relics. Beads — combs — amber trinkets, 

also some good bronze work. 

c. Stone Circles — Cromlechs. 

A cromlech always consists of a huge 
stone supported by several others, al- 
most equally huge which stand like the 
legs of a table upholding the large 

11 



GENEEAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

upper block. They are found all over 
Ireland. Often a stone circle sur- 
rounded a cromlech. There is much 
wonder as to who built these cromlechs. 
Some good reasons have been put forth 
to show that an older people than the 
De Danaans must have built them. 
d. Legend of Dagda 's Harp. 

5. The Fomorians sometimes called Atlanteans. 

They seem to have dispersed from some- 
where near Gibraltar — Mt. Atlas. 
Must have sailed from west coast of 
Africa and Spain as far north as Nor- 
way. And some good theories are ad- 
vanced that these adventurous people 
even sailed westward to the shores of 
the western continent. 

6. Gaelic Invasion.— Milesians— B. C. 1700; B. C. 

1000. 

a. Legend of the landing of the Sons of 

Milid from Gaul or Spain. 
fo. Death of Miledh and his queen Scotia in 

battle between De Danaans and Mile- 
sians. 
g. Milesian victories. 

Battle near Tralee. 

Battle in Meath. 
Three kings and their three queens of the 

De Danaans were killed, 
d. Eremon to rule north half of the Island. 

Eber to rule the south. 

12 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

These two brothers lived and ruled in 
peace one year, then followed a battle 
in which Eber was killed, leaving Ere- 
mon in full possession. 

e. Successors of Erenron. 

117 successors before the advent of St. 
Patrick. Three of the most notable 
were Connor MacNessa; Cormac — 227 
A. D. ; Niall of the Nine Hostages. 

Connor MacNessa is credited with estab- 
lishing the Knights of the Red Branch. 

7. Character of the Milesians. 

a. Social and artistic development. 

With the Milesians came the planting of 
grain and the weaving of flax. 

(Look for similar things in History of 
Egyptian Art.) 

Better clothes were worn. 

The Milesians were skilled in the use of 
dyes. Wore Torques (twisted ribbon 
of gold) for diadems, collars, and belts. 

Crescent bands of finely embossed sheet 
gold were worn above the forehead. 
Brooches and pins of the most delicate 
workmanship were used to fasten the 
folds of their many colored cloaks. 

Read Douglas Hyde 's description of Cor- 
mac Mac Art, taking his seat at Tara. 

b. Homes — of the earlier races. 

— of the Milesians. 
Raths. 

13 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

c. Weapons — of Fomorians — copper, bronze. 
The De Danaans — golden bronze. 
Milesians. 
(See Egyptian bronze. Note similarity. 
What would be a natural inference?) 

8. Great Feis. 

Held every three years at Tara. 
a. Purpose. 

1. To promulgate laws binding upon all 

Ireland. 

2. To test, purge and sanction the an- 

nals and genealogies of Ireland, in 
Douglas the presence of all men so that no 

Hyde. untruth or flaw might creep in. 

3. To register the same in the national 

record which came to be called the 
Saltair of Tara. 

9. The King — Attendants, etc. 

At such meetings, which took place in No- 
vember, the king had ten personal at- 
tendants. A prince of noble blood, a 
druid, a physician, a brehon, a bard, a 
historian, a musician and three stew- 
ards. 

10. Hospitality. 

a. At the Feis. 

b. To all strangers. 

c. The Brugaid (Bruge.) 

His duties. 
Brehon Laws studied later. 

14 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

III. EARLY CHRISTIAN IRELAND. 

1. Missionary work in Ireland previous to St. 

Patrick's coming, etc. 

2. St. Patrick — Ireland's great missionary. 

a. Birth — Parents. 

b. Training. 

c. Captivity — Slieve Mish. 

His vision and return home. 

d. His mission. 

e. His converts. 

f. His generosity. 

g. Ireland converted without a martyr. 

Reasons ? 
h. Patrick 's first visit to Tara. 
The King and the Druids. 
The Shamrock. 

3. Revision of the Brehon Laws — 438. 

4. Armagh founded. 

5. Corolicus — a citizen of Rome, also a chieftain 

of Britain, supposed to be a Christian, came 
to Ireland to capture slaves. 

St. Patrick's protest. 

6. Death of St. Patrick. 

7. St. Brigid. 

a. Birth and early history — 453. 

b. Mercy her great quality. 

c. Ministry to the lepers. 

d. Founds convent of Kildare, where both 

men and women studied. Kildare 
means "the church of the oak." 

15 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

e. Bishop Connall. 

f . Death of St. Brigid— 525. 

8. Churches and Schools. 

a. Donaghpatrick in Meath on the Black- 

water. 

Land given by King Laegaire. 

b. Monasterboice — Louth. 

Founded by St. Buite — died about 521. 

c. A group of buildings near Enniskillen on 

the island called Devenish ("the island 
of the oxen"). 

d. The House of Molaise in Sligo. 

e. Clonmacnoise founded 548 by St. Kieran. 

on the Shannon near Athlone. Became 
noted throughout all Europe. 

f. Moville — founded by St. Finnian 555. 

g. Bangor — St. Comgall. 

h. Glendalough — by St. Kevin. 

Ruins of old churches and round tower 
can still be seen. 

9. St. Columba. 

a. Born at Garlen — Donegal — 521. 

b. Grandson of Niall of the Nine Hostages. 

c. Education. 

Studied under St. Finnian in Meath and 
at Moville, in Co. Down under same. 
Also at Clonmacnoise under St. Kieran. 

d. Founded monastery of Kells in Meath. 
Founded monastery of Durrow in Kings 

Co. 

e. Dispute with St. Finnian over the copy of 

the "Book of Psalms.' ' Referred to 

16 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

King Diarmaid — "to every cow be- 
longs its calf/' to every book belongs 
its copy, (early copyright), 
f. Battle of Cooldrevin. 

Columba victorious — voluntary exile. 

10. First Irish missionary to other lands. 

a. St. Columba and his twelve compan- 

ions — 563. 

b. Iona — near west coast of Scotland. 

c. Founded Drumcliff near Cooldrevin in 

expiation for the great wrong done 
there. 

d. Literary skill. 

Said to have made 300 copies of the 
Gospels. Some say that he is the writer 
of the Book of Kells. He wrote both in 
Latin and Gaelic. Composed several 
Irish poems. 

11. Progress made in new Irish Schools. (Chris- 
tian). 

a. Making of furniture. 

b. Knowledge of building, independent of 

principles used on continent. 

c. Quarried stone. 

d. Prepared skins of goats and sheep for 

manuscript. 

e. Could read and write both Irish and 

Latin. 

f. Riches of the Schools — Hospitality. 

17 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

12. Irish Schools in Scotland and England. 

a. Lindesfarne on the coast of Northumber- 

land founded by an Irish monk in 634. 
St. Colman also taught there. 

b. Alfred, King of Northumberland, studied 

in Ireland. Bede speaks of the Irish 
schools, their food and teaching free. 

c. St. Columba at Iona (see above). 
Read: "Ireland's Ancient Schools and Scholars by 

J. Healy, D. D., LL. D., Bishop of Clonfert. Pub. Dub- 
lin, 1902. 



IV. THE DANISH INVASION: 

1. Character of the Danes. 

2. Lambay Islands near Dublin, raided 795. 

3. Iona raided 802-806. 

4. Innismurry, 807. 

5. Connemara, 812. 

6. Howth, 819. 

7. Cape Clear Island off the coast of Cork. 

8. Exposed position of the schools. 

a. Reason for such location. 

b. Howth, Moville and Bangor on penin- 

sulas. 

c. Fame of Ireland's riches. 

9. Raids against Armagh and Clondalkin. 
18 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

10. Round towers of Ireland. 

11. First permanent Norse settlement made at 

Dublin 836. 

12. Slaughter of Norsemen at Dublin 846. 

13. Cork fortified by the Norsemen. 

14. Limerick taken. 

15. Cities with Norse names — 

Strangford, Carlingford, Wexford, Wa- 
terford, Smerwick in Kerry. 

16. Reasons for Danish successes. 

a. Irish not prepared for war. 

b. Lack of united effort on the part of Irish 

chiefs. 

17. Norse defeat— 853— King Aed. 

18. Three Irish Kings of this period. 

a. Niall, son of Aed— High King 916-919. 

b. Malachi the Great— High King— 980. 

c. Brian Boru, brother of Mahon, King of 

Munster. These two brothers were in 
almost constant conflict with the Norse 
raiders. Finally, the Danes drove them 
across the Shannon into Clare. 

19. Brian defeats the Norsemen at Sulcoit in Tip- 

perary — 968. The Munster men drove them 
into the strong fortress at Limerick. 

a. The Dalcassians : 

19 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

This clan was ruled by Mahon and his 
brother Brian. Their territory was 
south of the Shannon. They were espe- 
cially noted for their bravery and had 
won the right to lead the advance 
against the nation's enemy and to be 
the last to retreat from the enemy's 
country. 

20. Malachi attacks Dublin. 

a. Defeats the Danes near Tara. 

b. Captures Dublin, frees 2000 prisoners. 

c. Dublin recaptured by Danes and retaken 

by Malachi— 996. 

21. Division of Ireland between Malachi and 

Brian. 

a. Character of Malachi. 

b. Character of Brian. 

22. Malmordha — King of Leinster — resists Brian, 

and forms an alliance with Danes. Result — 
Brian and Malachi defeat Leinster in Wick- 
low. 

23. Brian's alliance with the Danes and Leinster. 

24. Brian becomes High King — 1002. 

a. Government. 

Rebuilt schools and churches. 
Enforced general obedience to law. 
Made public improvements — roads, 

bridges, etc. 
A period of general well being began. 

20 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

b. Quarrel between Brian and King of Lein- 
ster. 
The game of chess — Brian's son. 

25. Battle of Clontarf. 

Good Friday— 1014. 
Sitrie — Danish Chief. 
Results. 



V. ANGLO-NORMAN INVASION— 1172-1547 (375 
years). 

Beginning with Henry II and ending 
with Henry VIII. 

1. Who were the Normans? Character: Armor: 

Discipline. 

2. Battle of Hastings— 1066. 

a. Character of William "the Conqueror." 

b. Harold "Last of the Saxon kings.' ' 

Read : Sir Walter Scott 's ' ' Harold. ' ' 

c. Castle builders — The Tower of London. 

Beef-eaters ? 

3. The Feudal System. 

a. Definition: origin. 

b. Good effects: evil effects. 

c. Feudalism in France : England : Ireland. 

d. Charlemagne. 

e. Chivalry — Knighthood. 

f. Causes that led to the fall of feudalism in 

England. 

21 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

4. The Clan system of Ireland. 

a. Brehon Law — Learn a few important 

provisions of it. 

b. Groups of society — How distinguished? 

Colors? 

c. Tenure of land. 

d. Meaning of the following terms used in 

the Brehon laws : * ' Tanistry, " " Gavel- 
kind," " Fosterage," ' ' Gossipred. " 

e. Meaning of the Feudal term: " Doing 

homage to the Overlord." 

f. Mistake of the Irish chiefs — (Henry II). 

(Read: Early Christian Ireland by 
Eleanor Hull— 1905.) 

5. Causes that led to invasion of Ireland. 

a. Pretended. 

1. To reform the church and refine a 

barbarous people. 

2. The Pope's permission (a probable 

forgery — now questioned). 

b. Real causes. 

1. Wealth of Ireland in 12th, 13th, and 

14th Centuries. (Read : Irish Ele- 
ment in Medieval Culture by H. 
Zimmer.) 

2. Ireland's important ports. 
Importance of the trade with Genoa 

and other European cities. 

3. Natural wealth in minerals — agricul- 

ture — manufactures. 

4. Education in Ireland — 12th, 13th, 

and 14th Centuries. 

22 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

Free Schools — Gaelic, the language 
of home and pleasure. Latin, the 
language used in trade. The Anglo- 
Saxon understands neither, so 
called the Irish " barbaric. " 
c. Treason of Dermot. Story of wife of 
O 'Ruarc. 

6. Leaders in Invasion — Dermot MacMorrough. 

Strongbow — Henry II. 

Roderick 'Conor — Archbishop Law- 
rence 'Toole. 

Strongbow defeated at Thurles by Don- 
ald 'Brien, King of Thomand. 

John de Courcey in Ulster (1177) ; partial 
success ; finally defeated near Newry. 

7. King Richard 1—1189—1199. 

a. Preparation for Third Crusade. Paid no 

attention to Ireland. 

b. Results of Crusades on travel? On home 

life ? On trade ? On learning, etc. 

c. Taxation — Reasons for excessive rates. 

d. Growing power of the Barons in Eng- 

land? In Ireland? 

e. Irish trade increases. Demand for Irish 

scholars. 

8. King John— 1199— 1216. 

a. Character. 

b. English struggle for constitutional lib- 

erty. Leaders. 

23 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

c. The Great Charter — some important pro- 

visions. Compare with American Dec- 
laration of Independence. 

d. King's need of money. Growing power 

of Cities. 

e. King denies the privilege of the Great 

Charter, to English Barons in Ireland. 

f. Troublesome Norman Irish Barons. 

De Lacy, Wm. de Burgo, John de Cour- 
cey. 

g. King John invades Ireland. His failure. 
Privileges of English law to apply to 

English settlers only. 
h. Gerald Barry, called Geraldus Cambren- 
sis, by his false statements in regard to 
Irish institutions, manners and customs 
did more harm to Ireland than all the 
invaders put together. 

9. Normans in Ireland. 

By the year 1200, they had gained a foot- 
hold but had accomplished nothing that 
could be called a conquest. Then fol- 
lowed a century of conflict, from 1216 
to 1318. 
Wars in the provinces. 

a. Leinster. 

1224 — Wars in Meath and Kildare be- 
tween the Normans themselves — De- 
Lacy — Marshall. 

b. Munster. 

Battle of Callan-Geraldines, McCarthy. 

c. Connaught — Great Wealth. (See Mrs. 

Green's.) 

24 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

Commercial wars. Phelin O'Connor, 
d. Ulster. 

Battle of Credran — 1257; Maurice Fitz- 
gerald ; Godfrey 'Donnell. 
Battle of Downpatrick — 'Niell. 

10. Changes of a Century. 

(Read : ' ' Irish Nationality ' ' — Mrs. 
Green, Ch. vi.) 

a. Anglo-Normans adopt manners, dress 

and even language of the Irish. Become 
independent of the English king and 
unite with Irish chiefs against king. 

b. In England, the influence of the Norman 

language is almost lost. The Anglo- 
Saxon again becoming powerful. The 
king, fearful of losing his hold upon Ire- 
land, sends out more settlers to Ireland. 

c. Difficulties that beset new settlers. 
Ignorance of Irish or Latin language. 
Opposed by old Irish and Norman Irish 

alike. 

d. Geraldines — Their leaders became Earls 

of Kildare. Fitzgeralds, Barrys, Co- 
gans, Graces, and others. 

Butlers — whose leaders became the 
Dukes of Ormond. 

De Burgos — Burks, MacWilliams, Mac- 
Davids, etc. 

e. Petition of Irish Chiefs for the protection 

of English law— 1278. Why? 

f. Other changes in Great Britain. 

1. Welsh rebellion against English rul- 
ers (1282). Results. 

25 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

2. Edward I improved the English 

laws; organized an armed militia; 
insured more freedom at elections; 
placed restrictions on officials (such 
as receiving bribes) ; lawyers must 
not use deceit to beguile the court ; 
forbade persons to utter slanders; 
forbade jurors to render a false 
verdict under pain of severe pun- 
ishment; required that gates of 
walled towns should be closed from 
sunset to sunrise; required that 
every man clear the brush wood on 
his own land 200 feet on each side 
of road ; tavern-keepers were not to 
sell ale or beer after curfew. 

3. Jews banished from England by Ed- 

ward I (1290). What was the con- 
dition of the Jews in England dur- 
ing this century? Had they any 
social rights under the govern- 
ment? 

Could a Jew hold land in England ? 
( Read : " Ivanhoe ' ' by Scott. ) 

11. Invasion of Edward Bruce — 1315. 

Robert Bruce won victory over English 
King Edward II at Bannockburn 
(1314), resulting in the independence of 
Scotland. 

a. Edward Bruce crowned King of Ireland 

at Dundalk. 

b. Describe his destructful campaign. 

c. Defeat at Battle of Athenry — 1316. 

26 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

d. End of Bruce 's invasion. Battle of 

Faughart— 1318. 

e. Results — to old Irish — to New Irish. 

12. Conditions in the Pale. Edward III— 1327- 

1377. 

a. Black Rents. 

b. Weakness of the English government 

and strength of the great barons, about 
1330. (See reason for, in English His- 
tory — French wars, etc.) 

c. Legal injustice. Two codes of law. An 

Irishman could be punished under Eng- 
lish law but could not demand the pun- 
ishment of an English offender, against 
the Brehon laws. Results. 

13. The Black Death— 1347. (See English His- 

tory). 1361-1369. 

(One-third to one-half the population 

swept away.) 
Its far reaching effects. 

a. Review trade guilds in England and what 

they meant to the people. 

b. Raise in wages — after Black Death. 

c. Statute of Laborers. 

14. Edward III— 1327-1377. 

Called the father of English Commerce — 
might as aptly be called the spoiler of 
Irish Commerce, 
a. His claim to the throne of France. 

The ground for Edward's claim was as 
follows: King Philip IV who was the 

27 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

father of King Charles IV of France, 
left three sons and a daughter, Isabella, 
who married Edward II of England and 
became the mother of Edward III. 
Charles IV died without children and 
his brothers had only female issue. 
(See Salic Law.) Edward III of Eng- 
land claimed that he was the nearest 
male heir. The crown was given to a 
nephew of Philip IV who reigned as 
"Philip of Valois." 

The French held that Isabella could not 
give away a right she did not herself 
possess. 

b. The Hundred Years War— 1339. Lost all 

of France except Calais. 

c. Battle of Crecy — Great blow to Feudal- 

ism — gunpowder — 1346. Philip, King 
of France. 

d. Flemish weavers, brought to England 

about 1350. 

e. Edward's attitude toward Irish com- 

merce : 
Merchant adventurers. 
(See Mrs. Green's " Making of Ireland 
and Its Undoing")— pages 18, 19, 22, 
26, 32, 52, 56, 137. 

f . Division of Parliament into two divisions, 

House of Lords and House of Com- 
mons. 

g. In 1376 under the leadership of the 

Black Prince the Commons first exer- 
cised the power of impeachment. (To 
impeach officers and ministers of the 

28 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

King and to bring them to trial before 
the Lords.) 

15. Statute of Kilkenny— 1367. (See Nolan Chap. 

XII.) 

a. Introduced by Lionel, Duke of Clarence, 

third son of Edward III, while Lord 
Lieutenant. Was passed 200 years 
after Norman invasion. 
Principal provisions. (See A. M. Sulli- 
van XXVI.) 

b. Results — Could not be enforced. Wid- 

ened the gulf between the two races. 

16. Art MacMurrough Kavanagh, hero of the 

fourteenth century. 

a. Weakness of last years of Edward's 

reign. 

b. Richard II invasion — 1394, and MacMur- 

rough 's opposition. 

c. Results. 

17. Ireland under Henry V and Henry VI — 1413- 

1461. 

For thirty years the condition in Ireland 
remained much the same, for the Kings 
were busy in France, 
a. Sir John Talbot made Lord Lieutenant of 
Ireland by Henry V. Talbot very un- 
popular. He quartered his soldiers 
upon the people, which was a direct vio- 
lation of the terms of the Magna 
Charta. King obliged to recall the army. 
Note a similar move to quarter soldiers 

29 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

upon the American colonists — 1774- 
1775, and the demand for the recall. 
The action of Henry V with regard to 
Talbot was cited as a precedent. 

b. Trouble between Talbot and the Butlers. 

c. Settlers of the Pale at the mercy of the 

Irish. 

d. Richard Plantaganet, Duke of York, be- 

came Lord Lieutenant. He was the son 

of Lionel and Elizabeth De Burgo — 

Popular. 

His policy — Tried to bring about peace 

between the English of the Pale and the 

native Irish. 

e. Parliament of Dublin — 1449. 
What action? 

f. Parliament of Drogheda — 1450. 

g. Jack Cade's insurrection in England. 

Richard Plantaganet is obliged to re- 
turn to England. Contrast power of 
the barons and poverty of the King. 
Causes. 

Irish Commerce favored in consequence 
of the King's poverty. 
(Read "Last of the Barons," for War- 
wick, the King-maker, and a fairly ac- 
curate idea of this period.) 

18. This period was interesting in other lands — 

Henry VI king of England. 
Siege of Orleans — Joan of Arc. 
Charles VII of France, crowned at Rouen. 
Loss of all English possessions in France, 
except Calais — 1457. 

30 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 



< i 



1453"— Fall of Constantinople. 

Effect upon the trade of the world. 
Geographical knowledge of the time. 
Prince Henry of Portugal and his school 

for navigators. 
Irish hospital for mariners founded in 

Venice. 

19. War of the Roses— began 1435. 

House of Lancaster. House of York. 

(Red Rose.) (White Rose.) 

Henry IV— 1399-1413. Edward IV— 1461-1483. 
Henry V— 1413-1422. Edward V— 1483 (?Crowned). 
Henry VI— 1422-1471. Richard III— 1483-1485. 
In Ireland — 

The Butlers. The Geraldines. 

1. The Butlers and the Geraldines having 

taken opposite sides in the war of the 
Roses were in constant feud with each 
other. 

2. The English monarchs could not give 

much attention to Irish affairs. 

3. The extent of the Pale gradually de- 

creased, and the Irish chiefs continued 
to receive " Black Rents" in increasing 
amounts. 
It is interesting to note that this is the 
condition of the English in Ireland 300 
years after the invasion of Henry II. 

20. Thomas Fitzgerald, eighth Earl of Desmond — 

1463-1467. Appointed Lord Lieutenant to 
succeed Richard Plantaganet. (See V— 
17-g.) 

Character. 

31 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

Founded a college at Youghal. 

In authority only four years (Anger of 
Queen). 

A Parliament at Dublin in 1465 passed a law 
ordering Irish within the "Pale" to 
to adopt English dress and names. Also 
a law to execute any thief caught in the 
act of stealing. 

Result — An Irish chief could be mur- 
dered if the murderer would say he had 
caught the chief stealing. 

22. Gerald Fitzgerald— eighth Earl of Kildare. 

Appointed Lord Lieutenant. 1477. 

a. Brotherhood of St. George founded (mili- 
tary). 
Purpose of the Brotherhood. 
Tax on all merchandise sold in Ireland 
to support the brotherhood. 

23. Henry VII— 1485-1509. 

a. Founder of the House of Tudor. War of 

the Roses ended. 

b. Lambert Simnel called the Yorkish pre- 

tender. Followers — Earl of Kildare — 
Trouble in Ireland. Kildare removed 
from office. 

24. Poyning — appointed Lord Lieutenant. 

a. Parliament of Drogheda— -1494. Who 

represented? How called? 

b. Poyning 's Law passed — 1495. Some pro- 

visions of: 

32 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

1. All acts intended to be passed by the 

Irish Parliament must first be sub- 
mitted to the King of England and 
his Privy Council. 

2. English laws were to be enforced in 

Ireland. 

3. The Statute of Kilkenny, which had 

become almost a dead letter, was 
revived, alliances between the two 
races being once more forbidden, 
though the use of the Irish lan- 
language was now permitted. 

4. It was made a felony to allow ene- 

mies or rebels (that is, native 
Irish), who resisted English au- 
thority, to pass through the dis- 
tricts on the border of the Pale. 

5. Certain high offices, such as those of 

the chancellor, the treasurer, the 
master of the rolls, and judges, 
which had formerly been held for 
life, were now held only during the 
King's pleasure. 
c. Effects: The native Irish were not rep- 
resented in the so-called Irish Parlia- 
ment, and therefore, did not visibly lose 
much. 
English-Irish (Pale). Against these the 
law was directed with a three-fold rea- 
son: 

1. To lessen the power of the barons. 

2. To make the parliament a tool of the 

king. 

33 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

3. To make the judges directly answer- 
able to the king. 
New Irish and native Irish drawn closer 
together to resist their common enemy. 

25. Earl of Kildare — trial and acquittal. 

Interesting stories of the wit of this Earl. 

a. Kildare defeats Burke of Clanrickard. 

Battle of Knockdoe— 1504. 

b. Made Knight of the Garter. 

26. Interesting side history: 

Columbus — The Discovery of America — 
1492. 

Think of these two — The Land of the Free 
and Poyning's Law. During the reign 
of the next English king, an oppression 
begins which in time sends millions of 
exiles to this new land. 

27. Henry VIII. Tudor— 1509-1547. 

Character. Married Catherine, daughter of 
Ferdinand and Isabella. 

a. Struggles in Ireland continue. 

Kildare defeated near Limerick by 
O'Brien and Clanrickard. 
Death of the Earl of Kildare— 1513. 

b. Garrett Fitzgerald — Lord Lieutenant. 

Ninth Earl of Kildare — Character — 
(as warlike as his father and dreaded 
by feudal lords). Wolsey was his 
enemy. 

34 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

c. Pierce Roe — Earl of Ormond, head of the 

Butlers, was the enemy of Kildare and 
friend of Wolsey. 

d. Kildare summoned to England for trial. 

Charged with appropriating the King's 
revenues and being too free with Irish 
chiefs. 

e. Earl of Surrey made Lord Lieutenant — 

soon resigned and was succeeded by 
Pierce Roe. 

f. Marriage of Kildare to Lady Elizabeth 

Grey. 

g. Kildare appointed 1524. 

h. Earl of Desmond (a Geraldine) in league 
with Francis I of France. 

Kildare ordered to arrest Desmond — his 
escape. 

Kildare called to England. Opposed by 
Wolsey and Butler. 
i. Sir Wm. Skiffington — Lord Lieutenant. 

Kildare asked to act as advisor, 
j. Kildare reappointed. (Could not remain 
long in English favor.) 

Married his daughters to two Irish 
chiefs. (Violation of the Statute of Kil- 
kenny) . 

Removed the Lord Chancellor and ap- 
pointed another. (Violation of Poyn- 
ing's law.) 

Invaded the territory of the Butlers. 
k. Recalled to England, third time. 
Strengthens his position in Ireland. 
King sends fourth summons and Kil- 

35 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

dare went to England — 1534. Impris- 
oned in Tower. 
1. Silken Thomas — Rebellion. 

Cause — Reported death of his father. 
Siege of Dublin. 

Siege and capture of Maynooth. 
Silken Thomas surrendered. Ex- 
ecuted with five uncles, 
m. First Geraldine League formed. 
Two sons of Kildare and Lady Grey. 

28. The Reformation. 

a. Review this movement on the Continent 

— Luther, etc. Another force — Jesuits 
founded 1534. 
In England. 

b. Henry desires a divorce — result. 

c. Act of Supremacy passed in England. 
Sir Thomas More. Wolsey. 

d. Skiffington, Butler and Geo. Brown 

(Henry's Archbishop of Dublin), were 
to prepare the way for reformation in 
Ireland. 
Now, note the value of Poyning's law to 
the King. 

e. Parliament of Dublin passed "Act of Su- 

premacy " in Ireland. 

f . 'Donnell and 'Neill opposed. 

g. Suppression of the monasteries. In- 

creases personal wealth and satisfies 
favorites, 
h. Henry receives title of "King of Ire- 
land" instead of "Lord of Ireland." 

36 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

i. Anglo-Irish and native Irish called to 
this Parliament. Henry's overtures of 
peace to Irish chiefs. 
j. Rising of 1546. Nothing gained. 
k. Luther died 1546. Henry 1547. 

References for Anglo Norman Period. 
(Read " Irish Nationality — Chapter ix.) 



37 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 



References 



Public 
Library 


Subject 


Source 


H-4482 


Food, Dress and Daily Life 


Child's Hist, of Ireland, 




in Ancient Ireland. 


by P. W. Joyce. 


A-1400 


Food, Dress and Daily Life 


Irish Literature, by Jus- 




in Ancient Ireland. 


tin McCarthy. Vol. 5, 
page 1735. 


A-1282 


Strongbow. 


Lawless', Ireland, Chs. 


C-3566 


Henry II. 


X-XII. Green (1888). 


A-3473 


Growth of Towns. 


Cheyney-Industrial and 
Social Hist, of England. 




Guilds. 




Introduction of Linen Weav- 


1901. 




ers. 
Black Death. 


Cheyney, Chapter V. 




Great Charter. 


Short Hist, of England, 
by John R. Green, 115, 
116, 122, 127. 




Great Charter. 


Old South Leaflets, No. 5, 
also pub. by Flanagan 
& Co., Chicago. 


A-5278 


Readings in English History. 


E. P. Cheyney. 


A-3405 


Town Life in the 15th Cent. 


Mrs. A. S. Green, 1894. 




For Hundred Years War. 


Green, 267, 270, 274, 281, 




For War of Roses. 


281, 288, 299, 301. 




For War of Roses. 


Bright's Hist, of England. 
Vol. I, 316, 352. 




For Henry VIII. 


Green, 320, 323, 327, 331, 
333, 348. 




For Henry VIII. 


Bright's, 11,383,389,398. 




Life of Sir Thomas More. 


Roper. 



38 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 



Public 
Library 



Subject 



Source 



A-1381 



Making of Ireland and Its 
Undoing. 



By Mrs. Alice S. Green, 
1909. 



References to above Book 

Irish and Norman Union pages 2-7 

Early Irish Commerce Chapter I. 

Pages 
Early Irish Fisheries 46-48 

Early Irish Linen 48-49 

Early Irish Woolen Manufactures 51-55 

Early Irish Leather Trade 56-57 

Wealth of Towns 67-78 

Irish Dress 81-82 

Position and Influence of Irish Women 83-87 



Imaginative Literature 

Becket — Tennyson; Ivanhoe, Talisman — Scott; 

The Last of the Barons — Bulwer Lytton. 

King John, Henry IV, Henry V and Henry VIII — Shakespeare. 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

PERIODS OF INSURRECTION AND CONFISCA- 
TION. 

PLANTATION— 1547-1690 (a century and a half). 

1st Period. From Edward VI to Cromwell. 
2nd Period. From the Restoration to Treaty of 
Limerick— 1688-1691. 

1. Edward VI— 1547-1553. 

a. Conditions in Ireland. 

Lands and churches confiscated. 
Works of Art destroyed. 

b. Planting of English Protestant colonies 

in Ireland. 

c. Protestant clergy — Tithes instituted. 

d. Death of Edward. 

2. Lady Jane Grey — Victim of circumstances. 

3. Queen Mary— 1553-1558. 

a. Her mother's defender, nevertheless her 

father's daughter, possesses his temper. 
Much belied. Her opposition to the 
government. 

b. Married King Philip of Spain. Character 

of Philip. 

c. Left Ireland in comparative peace. 

d. Irish commerce. 

e. English Protestants escape to Ireland. 

f. Queen's County and King's County 

formed. 

4. Elizabeth— 1558-1603. 

a. General policy of the Tudors toward Ire- 
land. A policy of denationalization. 

40 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

b. Real religious troubles in Ireland began. 

Clergymen forced to take oath of su- 
premacy or cease preaching. 

c. Act of Uniformity enforced. English 

Protestant prayer book. Fine for non- 
attendance at service. Effective in the 
Pale only, as the English had little 
authority outside of the Pale. 

5. Rebellion of Shane O'Neill— 1561. 

A man of great resource and daring — much 
feared by the authorities. Took title of 
"The O'Neill" when his father, the 
Earl of Tyrone, died. 

a. Defeated Earl of Sussex — Lord Lieuten- 

ant. 

b. Shane visits English court — result. 

c. Shane defeated by Hugh O'Donnell — 

1567, on the Donegal side of the Swilly. 

d. Shane escapes to the Scots of Antrim, 

with whom he had previously been at 
war. The Scotch army was now near 
Clanboy. While with these people, 
Shane- and a number of his followers 
were murdered. 

6. New Counties formed. 

a. Longford was formed out of Annaly. 

b. Connaught was divided into Galway, 

Sligo, Mayo, Roscommon, Leitrim and 
Clare. 

c. Second Geraldine League. 

d. Sir Henry Sydney, Lord Lieutenant, a 

savage. Expedition into Munster — 

41 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

hanging, burning, etc. Geraldines 
against the Dublin government and the 
Butlers. 

7. The Geraldine also called the Desmond Rebel- 
lion. 

a. Cause — The widespread belief among the 

Irish that Elizabeth intended to spread 
Protestantism by the sword, and the re- 
ports that the government intended to 
colonize a vast area of Munster and the 
arrest of the Earl of Desmond and his 
brother. Also the difference between 
English and Irish law in the matter of 
succession to estates. 

b. Effects. — This rebellion was attended by 

a great amount of suffering and was 
followed by vast confiscations and the 
plantation of much of Munster. 

c. The Geraldines devastated the country 

but spared the inhabitants. 

The Butlers with the English. Devas- 
tated the country and killed the inhab- 
itants in a most cruel manner. 

A few details: 
Fitzmaurice, leader of the Geraldine — 
receives aid from Spain (1579). 
O 'Byrne and O'Toole. 
Lord Grey ordered to put down this re- 
bellion. Owing to his rashness, his 
army was almost destroyed at Battle 
of Glenmalure, Aug. 1580. 

42 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

Massacre of Leinster garrison 1580, 

after promise of quarter. 
Lord Grey recalled. 
End of the rebellion. 
Death of Earl of Desmond, 1583. Hunt- 
ed like an animal; surrounded and 
slain, 
d. Sale of the Geraldine estates. 

Sir Walter Raleigh and Spencer received 
grants of these lands, as reward for 
taking part in massacre of Leinster 
garrison at Smerwick. (Note that 
Raleigh is sometimes pictured as a 
cavalier!!) 

8. Elizabeth's system of Plantation. 

(600,000 acres confiscated.) 

a. The ' ' Undertakers ' '—Raleigh, Spencer 

and others. 

b. Sources from which the "Undertakers" 

obtained people to till the soil. For 
some time the barons of England had 
been enclosing their fields, owing to the 
demand for labor in the cities, which 
made regular farming unprofitable. 
Raising sheep for their wool required 
less labor and was more profitable. 
Result — Idle, homeless people, great 
poverty, and in time a rivalry between 
the English and the long established 
Irish woolen trades. 
To be offered lands in Ireland served the 
double purpose of relieving conditions 

43 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

in England and helped Elizabeth's 
plantation system in Ireland. 
(Read Industrial and Social England, by 
Cheney, for a fine account of these con- 
ditions. ) 

9. Rebellion of Hugh O'Neill— 1595. 

a. Son of Mathew, baron of Dungannon, the 

rival of Shane O'Neill. Was educated 
in England. 

Note: Sir John Perott's policy of send- 
ing the sons of Irish chiefs to England 
to be educated (object clear). See: 
The Making of Ireland and Its Undoing, 
by Mrs. Alice S. Green, pp. 427-450. 

Had his claim to the Earldom of Tyrone 
recognized and was allowed to keep six 
companies of soldiers to preserve peace 
in the North (?). O'Neill learned 
diplomacy at the English court, where 
he was a favorite of Elizabeth. He 
trained six companies at a time until he 
had a large army. 

b. Causes of Rebellion. 

1. Life among the Tyrone clansmen 

naturally aroused his patriotism. 

2. He was closely connected with sev- 

eral of the Ulster chiefs who were 
against the government. 

3. Capture of Hugh 'Donnell, chief of 

Tyrconnell, and two sons of Shane 
O'Neill. 

c. O'Neill was at once successful. 

44 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

Port More taken — Newry and Green- 
castle. 
Laid Siege to Monaghan. 
Maguire and McMahon. 

d. English position critical. 
Shortage of soldiers and money. 
Spanish Armada. 

More counties formed in Ulster, Armagh, 
Monaghan, Tyrone, Coleraine (after 
called Derry), Donegal, Fermanagh, 
and Cavan. 

e. Conditions of Peace drawn by O'Neill. 

1. Full pardon to Catholics. 

2. Removal of English officials from 

Irish territory. 

3. Payment of One Thousand Pounds in 

silver, by Bagnal to 'Neill, as mar- 
riage dowry for his sister. 

f. Battle of Yellow Ford, Aug. 14, 1598. 

g. Earl of Essex sent over. His mistake. 

His failure. His return and execution. 
h. Lord Mount joy — Lord Lieutenant. 
Devastation of Southern Provinces. 
Sir Geo. Carew. 
Mount joy destroys Leinster. 
Famine in Munster. 
i. Red Hugh 'Donnell and Spanish aid. 
j. Battle of Kinsale, 1602. Irish defeat. 

Why? 
k. Siege of Dunboy. 
Donall 'Sullivan. 
Cruelty of Carew. 
Retreat of 'Sullivan. 
1. Death of Elizabeth— 1603. 

45 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

GENERAL SUMMARY OF THE REIGN OF 
ELIZABETH. 

In this reign, England began to take an active part 
in the work of exploration in the New World. Com- 
mercial rivalry between England and Spain — Defeat of 
Armada — 1588. Measures passed restricting Irish 
trade. This was a blow aimed at both Ireland and 
Spain, as the trade between Ireland and Spain was still 
extensive. 

Note, too, that notwithstanding the fact that a 
foreign power had been striving to conquer Ireland for 
400 years; at the beginning of Elizabeth's reign, the 
land was still prosperous and it remained for the 
" gentle queen" (?) to strike a blow more cruelly un- 
just than all that had gone before. (Read what Spen- 
cer had to say of Ireland as he found it. And no one 
can say that Spencer favored the Irish.) 

English men of letters were quite active. 

William Shakespeare was writing his great plays, 
died 1616. 

Edmund Spencer, sometimes called a worthy succes- 
sor of Chaucer, finished his Faerie Queen about 1590. 

Ben Jonson, Francis Bacon and others. 

In Ireland, however, there were few writers of Eng- 
lish, for English was little used outside of the Pale. 
The Irish still held their own language and Latin was 
the language of commerce. 

Read : ' ' Elizabethan Ireland — Native and English, ' ' 
by G. B. O'Connor; Mitchell's "Life of Hugh O'Neill," 
O'Clery's "Life of Hugh Roe O'Donnell," O'Sullivan 
Beare's "Ireland under Elizabeth," A. M. 'Sullivan's 
"Story of Ireland." 

46 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

IRELAND UNDER THE FIRST OF THE 
STUARTS. 

10. James 1—1603-1625. 

a. Accession hailed with hopes by Irish. 

b. Proclamation against Catholics by a Puri- 

tan Parliament. Succession by tanistry 
and gavelkind abolished 1604. 

c. Flight of the Earls. O'Neill and O'Don- 

nell (1607). Confiscation of six Ulster 
counties. 

d. Oath of Supremacy revived. 

e. Brehon Law abolished — English Law es- 

tablished throughout Ireland. 1610. 

f. Plantation of Ulster. Sir John Davis. 

(See Lawless 223-228.) 

1. " Undertakers" — Either English or 

Scotch Protestants : holdings 2000 
acres. Must plant English or 
Scotch Protestant colonists. 

2. Servitors — Protestant Irish who up- 

held the Government during late 
rebellion: holdings 1500 acres. 
Must plant Scotch, English or Irish 
Protestant colonists. 

3. Old Irish — holdings 1000 acres. Must 

plant Catholic tenants who were 
exempted from Act of Supremacy. 
(The third division the cause of more 
trouble.) 

4. Special grants to Protestant churches 

and educational institutions. (Trin- 
ity College, founded by Elizabeth, 
received 10,000 acres.) Special 

47 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

grants to London merchants and 
favored individuals. 
5. Dispossessed natives — No provision 
made for them. They became wan- 
derers near their old homes or fled 
to the mountains, there to raise a 
few sheep. Boys to sea. 
g. "Discoverers" — Lawyers who found or 
invented flaws in the titles to lands 
which the Irish held. In Wexford 
alone, 60,000 acres had been discovered 
by the lawyers to belong to the King. 
(See Lawless — Chap, xxxiii.) 
h. A Parliament representing all Ireland, 
held in 1613. This was the first con- 
tested election. By the judicious use of 
"gifts," the King managed to get a 
small majority. Contest over Speaker 
— Sir John Davis — Sir John Everard. 
Statute of Kilkenny repealed — (Law- 
less xxxiv). 

11. Charles 1—1625-1649. 

a. Character of the new King. 
Catholics' hope aroused. 

b. Strength of the Puritans. Parliament 

not with the King. 
Bill of Eight — 1628. Learn a few of its 
provisions. 

c. War with Spain. 

Money extorted from Catholics on prom- 
ise of Fifty Graces which never came. 
Extorted money from Protestants also. 
His duplicity. 

48 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

d. Wentworth — Lord Lieutenant 1633. 
Later known as Lord Stafford. 

1. His policy. 

To make the King master of all Ire- 
land, and to make him rich by trad- 
ing in grants of Irish lands. 

2. His work — 

Collected 20,000 Pounds from Cath- 
olics on promise of freedom from 
the penal laws. Through his in- 
fluence, the Irish Parliament in 
1634 voted an additional 240,000 
Pounds to the King He evaded 
the "Graces" and in violation of 
all promises, confiscated lands in 
Connaught, extending his system 
to Clare and Tipperary. 
He drilled an army of 9,000 Irish Cath- 
olics to support Charles I. (This 
hanged him.) 

e. Laws passed to destroy Irish wool trade, 

because it interfered with English 
trade. Recall the fact that the dispos- 
sessed Irish who fled to the mountain 
lands (too worthless to be wanted by 
the English), raised sheep. The en- 
forcing of this law left these people 
nothing to face but starvation. There 
was no market at this time for meat. 
An excellent book on this subject is A 
History of the Commercial and Finan- 
cial relations between England and Ire 
land, by Alice E. Murray, P. S. King & 

49 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

Co., London — 1903. Chicago Pub. Lib. 
L-7104. 
f . Wentworth recalled 1640. 

Impeached and beheaded 1641. 

12. Irish Rebellion of 1641-1649. 

a. Causes — Violation of the promises to pro- 

tect property from confiscation. Viola- 
tion of promise to extend religious tol- 
eration to Catholics. Success of Scotch 
Covenanters. 

b. Birth of the Project. 

Exiled chiefs determined to try once 
more for freedom. They had gained 
experience in military affairs, and had 
made powerful friends who were ene- 
mies of England. 

Owen Roe 'Neill, an exile in the Nether- 
lands, was a very learned man. He 
wrote and spoke Latin, French, Span- 
ish, English and Irish. 

c. Leaders at home. 

Roger O'Moore, Sir Phelim O'Neill, 
'Byrne and Plunkett. Study charac- 
ter of each. 

d. Plan of campaign. 

O'Moore to surprise Dublin castle. 
O'Neill to capture forts in Ulster. 

e. Arrest of Maguire and MacMahon. 
(Traitor — Owen 'Connolly.) 
Sent to London and hanged. 

f. Success of O'Neill in Ulster. 

Gained Charlemount Fort by trick. New- 
ry — Dungannon also taken. O'Neill at 

50 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

the head of 30,000 dispossessed tribes- 
men, now rendered desperate, seek re- 
venge. 
g. Spread of the "rising" throughout Ire- 
land. 

The MacMahons seized Carrickmacross 
and Castleblaney. 

Philip 'Reilly leveled Cavan. 

Roger Maguire leveled Fermanagh. 

(Enniskillen, Derry, Coleraine and Car- 
rickfergus not yet taken.) 
h. Provincial Synod — 1642. 

Provinces represented: Armagh and 
Kells. 

Action — Declared Confederate cause just 
and right. 
i. National Synod at Kilkenny. 

1. Oath of Association. 

2. Catholic Confederates of Ireland. 

3. Provincial government formed. 

4. Parliament of Kilkenny — Oct. 24, 

1642. 

5. The Supreme Council formed. It 

contained 24 members (six from 
each province), 11 bishops, 14 lords, 
and 226 commoners. 

6. First act of this Parliament was an 

expression of loyalty to the King. 

13. Arrival of Owen Roe O'Neill. July, 1642. 

Drilled patriots into a compact army. 
Old Irish Army in Ulster opposed Monro. 

14. Preston — with Anglo-Irish in Leinster op- 

posed the Royalists. 

51 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

15. Charles and English Parliament. 

a. Trouble between King and Parliament 

growing. Charles tried to make friends 
with Supreme Council of Kilkenny. 
Failed. 

b. Parliament accused the King of seeking 

aid from the Irish, which the King de- 
nied. 

c. Land and the Puritans. 
Measures to enforce conformity. 

d. The Revenue. Tonnage and poundage; 

monopolies; the forests; ship money; 
Hampden's resistance. 

e. The outbreak in Scotland; religious con- 

ditions there; the new service book. 
(J. H. Green— 509, 520, 528, 533.) 

16. The Long Parliament. 

a. Meeting of the Short Parliament. 
Reasons for summoning; attitude; disso- 
lution. 

b. First session of the Long Parliament. 

(1640.) 
Ref. — Mrs. Green's " Irish Nationality," 

Chapter x.) 
Leadership of Pym, and Hampden. 
e. Action — Impeachment of Strafford. 

d. The Grand Remonstrance. 

e. Law forbidding dissolution of Parliament. 

f . Attempt of Charles to arrest five members 

of the House of Commons — practically 
an opening of hostilities. 

g. Cavaliers and Roundheads. 

52 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

17. The Great English Rebellion of 1642- '49. 

a. King raises his standard at Nottingham. 

b. Prince Rupert and his effective work. 

Edgehill. Charles at Oxford. 

c. Oliver Cromwell and his policy. 

d. Battle of Marston Moor. 

e. Surrender of Charles to Parliament by 

Scotch. 

18. Pride's Purge. 

a. Charles' flight to the Isle of Wight. 

b. Renewal of the war by the Scotch and 

Royalists against Parliament. 

C. Colonel Pride excludes from Parliament 
all who would not agree to punish the 
King. The sixty remaining were called 
the Rump Parliament. 

d. Trial and execution of the King — Janu- 
ary 30, 1649. 

19. Oliver Cromwfell— Lord Protector. 

a. Proclamation of the Republic, Jan. 30, 

1649. 

b. Abolition of the House of Lords. 

c. Use of English Church service forbidden. 

d. Emigration of Royalists. 

e. Cromwell's Rule in England. Country 

divided into eleven military districts 
and placed under martial law. Royal- 
ists heavily taxed. Catholic priests ban- 
ished. No books or papers could be pub- 
lished without the permission of the gov- 
ernment. 

f . Puritan fanaticism. 

g. Navigation laws — 1651. 

53 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

20. Cromwell in Ireland. 

a. Conditions a few years previous to his ar- 
rival. 

1. O'Neill leader of the Old Irish. 

2. Preston — leader of Anglo-Irish. 

3. Puritan or Parliamentary leaders 

were Monro and Inchiquin. (Mur- 
rough O'Brien). 

4. The Glenmorgan Treaty, in which 

Charles promised the Catholics all 
favors. Archbishop O'Queely of 
Tuam. ( The treaty was found upon 
him.) 

5. Battle of Benburb— 1646. 

6. Jealousy of 'Neill and Preston. 

7. Defeat of the two Irish armies. 

8. Alliance of Royalists and Confeder- 

ates. 

9. Charles II proclaimed King. 

10. Defeat of Ormond. 

b. Capture of Drogheda and Wexford by 

Cromwell— 1649. 

c. Capture of Kilkenny and Clonmel and 

general devastation of Munster. 

d. His return to England — 1650. Ireton, 

his son-in-law, left in charge. 

e. Sir Charles Coote sent to besiege Athlone. 

f. Siege of Limerick — town betrayed. Lead- 

ers executed ; among them Dr. 'Brien, 
bishop of Emly. 

g. Death of Ireton, of the plague. The 

plague of 1651. 

54 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

h. Coote after taking Athlone laid siege to 
Galway. Taken after nine months— 
1652. 

21. Fleetwood's High Court of Justice. 

Sentenced to death some 200 persons, among 
them Sir Phelim O'Neill. 

22. Cromwell's confiscations in Ireland. 

a. Extreme cruelty toward Catholics. 

b. Presbyterians suffer. 

c. Bands of outlaws. 

d. Irish soldiers banished. 

23. Cromwell's death, 1658. His character. 

24. Results of confiscations. 

a. Well to do people were reduced to pov- 

erty. 

b. Poor people became laborers where they 

had been tenants. 

c. The acres assigned to many were not 

enough to yield them enough to keep 
from starving. 

d. Crowds of able-bodied men formed bands 

of outlaws for vengeance upon the 
usurpers. Attacked the new settlers by 
fire and sword. 

e. Army must be disposed of. Irish soldiers 

banished — 25,000 to France, Spain, Aus- 
tria and Venice. The lands of these ex- 
iled soldiers were given to the soldiers 
of Cromwell. 

f. Widows and orphans sent as slaves to 

West Indies. 

55 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

g. Religious persecutions against Catholics 
very bitter. Priests hunted like beasts 
and still the faith was kept alive. 

Read : A-1209 — Cromwellian Settle- 
ments (Chicago Pub. Lib.), by J. P. 
Prendergast. 

(Many Irishmen took military service on 
the continent; others, under French 
protection, went to America. Many 
boys and girls were shipped as slaves to 
the West Indies.) 

VI. SECOND PERIOD— THE RESTORATION. 

1. Charles II recalled to the throne. 

a. Character. 

2. Acts of Settlement and Explanation passed 

by a Parliament of Dublin, three-fourths of 
which were Protestants. 

a. Court of claims. 

b. Innocent Catholics ; no one who had taken 

part in the rebellion before the truce of 
1643, or who belonged to the Pope's 
party, or who sat in the Confederate As- 
sembly, or in the Supreme Council or re- 
ceived power from either. 

3. Act of Explanation — Injustice of: 

4. Laws restricting Irish trade with the Amer- 

ican colonies and restriction of the cattle 
trade with England. 

a. Act of 1663 allowed the exportation of 
Irish lean cattle during the first half of 

56 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

the year and placed a prohibition duty 
on the exportation during the second 
half of year. 

b. Act of 1666. This act laid down that all 

great cattle, sheep and swine, also all 
beef, pork and bacon imported into Eng- 
land, except for necessary provisions, 
should be forfeited. The act was 
strengthened by subsequent statutes 
which extended the prohibition to Irish 
mutton, lamb, butter and cheese. 

c. Results: Immediate and remote. 

5. Catholics persecuted: 

The so-called Popish plot. Arrest and ex- 
ecution of Dr. Oliver Plunkett, Arch- 
bishop of Armagh, charged with treas- 
onable correspondence. 

Death of Charles 11—1685. 

6. James II — 1685. Character. 

7. English Revolution of 1688. 

a. Opposing parties — Jacobites and Wil- 

liamites. 

b. Leaders in Ireland: Tirconnell, the 

Catholic Lord Lieutenant, held Ireland 
for James. (Talbot.) Derry and En- 
niskillen hold out for William. Schom- 
berg, Williamite general, arrived Au- 
gust, 1689. 

c. Excitement at Derry. 

d. Arrival of James from France. Cold re- 

ception at Derry; withdrew to Dublin 

57 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

and assembled a parliament ; 50,000 men 
raised. 

e. Siege of Derry — Jacobites defeated at 

Newtonbutlar. 

f. William arrives in Ireland — 1690. 

g. Battle of the Boyne. 

Disgraceful conduct of James. His flight. 
1,000 Irish killed. 1,200 English, in- 
cluding many officers. 
Officers who took part in this battle : 
Jacobites — Tirconnell, Sarsfield, Hamil- 
ton, Lauzon, Duke of Berwick and Sir 
Neal O'Neill. 
Williamites — Schomberg, Douglas, Calli- 
mote, Ginkle, Count Nassau and Sir 
John Lanier. 

h. Strength of the Irish now at Athlone, 
Aughrim and Limerick. Cork, Kin- 
sale and Galway fall into hands of Wil- 
liamites. 

i. Patrick Sarsfield; character, generalship 
as shown in previous campaigns. 

j. First siege of Limerick. Remarkable de- 
fense of the city. William's costly, yet, 
unsuccessful attack. William's return 
to England. 

k. Conditions in both armies, illness. 

1. Tirconnell went to France — 1690, return- 
ing the following spring with a French 
officer named St. Ruth, who was to take 
supreme command. Character of St. 
Ruth; loses Athlone through neglect, 
killed at battle of Aughrim. 

58 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

m. Second siege of Limerick. Ginkel's plan 
of attack. All parties anxious to end the 
war. 

8. Treaty of Limerick signed October, 1691. 

Important provisions of the treaty. 

9. Results of the Revolution. 

Catholics were severely repressed, contrary 
to the provisions of the Treaty of Lim- 
erick. A large number of Irish soldiers 
emigrated to the continent. Confisca- 
tion took place. Irish trade which in 
spite of bad laws had held its own was 
ruined. 

VII. PENAL LAWS— UNDER THE RULE OF WIL- 
LIAM AND MARY: ANNE: GEORGE I, 
II, AND III. 

"The Irish suffered a further calamity. The memory 
of their former civilization was deliberately blotted out 
as though it had never existed. Another story was given 
to the world — a picture gloomy and savage, and stained 
with every vice and folly. ' ' — Mrs. Green. 

The misrepresentation of the Irish people began with 
the first efforts at conquest. Gerald of Wales began a 
long line of slanders. "The lying bull of the herd," 
Keating calls him. Irishmen and "all those that favor 
their beastliness ' ' remained to the invaders through the 
changing generations "our natural enemies.' ' Their 
customs were ' ' damnable, ' ' their ancient law ' ' hateful to 
God." "The people are such as Satan himself cannot 
exceed in subtlety, treachery and cruelty." 

59 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

1. Violation of the Treaty of Limerick by Dublin 

Parliament of 1692. Further violation in 
1695 and 1697. 

a. Act depriving Catholics of the means of 
educating their children at home or 
abroad. 

b. An Act forbidding Catholics to be in 

possession of arms. 

c. An Act forbidding Catholics to be in the 

possession of a horse worth more than 
five pounds. 

d. An Act banishing all Catholic priests (ex- 

cept certain registered ones). 

e. An Act preventing Protestants from mar- 

rying Catholics. 

f. An Act disqualifying Catholics from be- 

coming solicitors. 

2. Parliament of 1704 — passed a measure with 

the following provisions : 

a. At the death of the father the lands of all 

Catholics were to be divided among all 
the sons of the family, except in case of 
the eldest son professing Protestantism, 
when the father became merely a life 
tenant and the lands passed in entirety 
to the eldest son. 

b. No Catholic to inherit or purchase land, 

or lease it for more than thirty-one 
years, or to settle in Limerick or Gal- 
way. 

c. Catholic minors to be placed under Prot- 

estant guardians. 

60 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

d. No Catholic to hold office under the gov- 
ernment or vote elections unless he took 
the oath of "adjuration and received 
the Sacrament of the Last Supper." 



VIII. STRUGGLE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND IRISH 
PARLIAMENTS— 1698-1783. 

1. Review main provisions of Poyning's Law. 

2. Molyneaux — principles — his remarkable book. 

3. Patriotic party — Dr. Charles Lucas, Mr. 

Henry Flood, Jonathan Swift (Drapier Let- 
ters) . 

4. Wood's Halfpence. 

5. The Annesley Case and its unexpected results. 

6. The Sixth of George 1—1789. 

7. Famine and emigration — 1728-1729. Bishop 

Bolton. 

(See outline under Penal Laws — VII-6 
and 7.) 

8. Chesterfield's administration — 1745. 

a. Character. 

b. Enrolled Irish soldiers to fight for Eng- 

land. Encouraged the formation of 
bodies of volunteers. 

c. His useful administration cut short by his 

recall. 

61 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

9. Review objective points of the French and In- 
dian war and war on European Continent. 
Results — American and English. 

10. Formation of the Catholic Committee. 

a. Leaders — Dr. Curry, Charles O'Connor, 

Mr. Wyse. 

b. Henry Grattan — Leader of the Patriot 

Party, b 1746 d 1820. 

11. The Octennial Bill — Importance of? 

12. Townshend — Lord Lieutenant — 

a. Trouble over money bills. Effect of the 

Townshend acts in America. 

b. Independent action of the Irish Commons. 

c. Townshend resigns — 1772. 

13. Edmund Burke. 

14. The Pension List — governmental proteges. 

Opposition. 

15. War between American Colonies and Eng- 
land. 

a. Irish sympathized with Americans as they 

had a common cause. 

b. The Embargo Act deprived Ireland of one 

of her best markets — Paul Jones. 

c. Barbarity of Magistrates in Ireland. 

d. Leaders of trouble in Tipperary — Sir 

Thomas Maude, William Bagnal, Parson 
Hewiston, John Kagwell. 

e. Death of Father Sheehy. 

G2 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

16. Effect of Burgoyne's surrender and French 
aid to America. 

a. England must conciliate Ireland. 

b. Catholic Relief Act. 

c. Some trade restrictions removed, 1780. 

d. Fox and the Volunteers. 

e. The Mutiny Bill — Its good and evil effects. 

17. Surrender of Yorktown. 

18. The Dungannon Convention— Feb. 15, 1782. 
252 delegates. 

(Dungannon was old home town of Hugh 
O'Neill.) 

a. Growing political power of the Volunteers 

— Their demand for free trade and legis- 
lative independence. 

b. Kesolutions of the Convention. Known as 

the Irish Declaration of Independence. 

1. That the King, lords and commons of 

Ireland alone had the right to legis- 
late for the country. 

2. That the powers exercised by the 

privy councils of both England and 
Ireland under Poyning's Law were 
unconstitutional . 

3. That the ports of Ireland were free 

by right to all countries not at war 
with England. 

4. That as Irishmen, as Christians, and 

as Protestants the delegates of the 
Volunters rejoiced in the relaxation 
of the penal laws against their fel- 
low-countrymen. 

63 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

c. Grattan's brilliant speech — April 16, 
1782, stating the principles of the Dun- 
gannon Convention. This speech is 
known as Grattan's Declaration of 
Right. 

19. Repeal of the Sixth of George I. 

20. Act of Renunciation. 

(Remember that from 1727 until 1793 Cath- 
olics possessed no votes.) 
"A voice from America shouted 'Liberty' and every 
hill and valley of this rejoicing land answered, 'Lib- 
erty.' "—Flood. 

DECLARATION OF IRISH INDEPENDENCE. 

"That the kingdom of Ireland is a distinct kingdom, 
with a parliament of her own, the sole legislature there- 
of ; that there is no body of men competent to make laws 
to bind the nation, but the King, lords and commons of 
Ireland, nor any parliament which hath any authority 
or power of any sort whatever in this country, save only 
the parliament of Ireland; to assure his majesty that 
we humbly conceive that in this right the very essence 
of our liberty exists, a right which we, on the part of 
all the people, do claim as their birthright, and which 
we cannot yield but with our lives. ' ' 

IX. INDEPENDENT IRISH PARLIAMENT. 

1. Grattan's Parliament. 

a. Its weakness; attempt at parliamentary 

reform.. 
(Portland's evasions — see Fisher, p. 125.) 

64 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

b. Grattan and Emancipation. 

c. Lucas and Flood — anti-Catholic. 

2. Strength of the Volunteers. 

a. Charlemont and Volunteers. 

b. Flood popular with the Volunteers. 

c. Quarrel between Grattan and Flood. 

Flood distrusted the English and de- 
clared the final agreement was not defi- 
nite or binding enough. Grattan was 
more generous with England and did 
not wish to place England "on her 
knees." Differences of opinion in re- 
gard to the disbanding of the Volun- 
teers. 

d. Renunciation Act. 

e. Second Dungannon Convention — Sept., 

1783. 

f. The Dublin Convention— Nov. 10, 1783. 

3. Flood's Reform Bill — rejected. 

4. Volunteers disbanded. 

5. Some measures of Catholic Relief passed. 

6. General prosperity of this period. 

Ref. — Irish Nationality — Chapter XII. 

XI. FALL OF THE IRISH PARLIAMENT. 

Act of Legislative Union With England — 1800. 
"Independence! It was the success of the American 
Revolution that brought about the Independence of Ire- 
land, and it was the reaction from the French Revolu- 

65 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

tion, or rather from its excesses, that was destined to 
destroy that independence. ' ' 

Review — Irish received abolition of commercial re- 
straints— 1779. 

Independence of Irish Parliament — 1782. 

Catholics acquired the right to own land 
and to inherit according to common law. 
1778. 

Laws against the clergy and Catholic edu- 
cation repealed in 1782. 

Catholics admitted to the Bar and might 
serve on juries — 1792. 

In 1793 — they were granted the Parlia- 
mentary franchise. 

The country made great strides in devel- 
opment, but there was one obstacle — the 
corrupt Irish Parliament, elected by rot- 
ten boroughs and composed entirely of 
Protestants. 

1. William Pitt's well-laid scheme to abolish the 
Irish Parliament — 

Provokes the Rebellion of 1798. 

The Orange Society, organized about 1796 
and encouraged by Pitt, spread discord 
among people hitherto united. Belfast 
desired complete separation from Eng- 
land, and dreamed of founding an Irish 
Republic. 

Cornwallis' system of bribery. 

General Plan — Pitt was to see that the law 
passed in England and Cornwallis was 
to use any means to see that the law 
passed the Irish Parliament. 

66 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

2. Action. 

a. Lord Cornwallis made opening speech 

presenting the scheme for the Union, 
Jan. 22, 1799. 

b. Ponsonby and Plunkett opposed. 

c. Union measure lost. 

d. Those holding government positions and 

who were not in favor of the bill imme- 
diately lost their positions. Positions 
offered to others to gain their votes. 

e. Pitt brought bill before English House of 

Commons. 

f. Sheridan and Foster oppose him. 

g. Next move — 

Government paid 1,260,000 Pounds ster- 
ling for bribery and corruption. 

84 borroughs bought outright. 

28 new peers were created and 32 received 
higher titles. 

3. Catholics declare their opposition to Union at 

a meeting — January 14, 1800. Daniel 
O'Connell made his first political speech. 

4. Particular study of O'Connell. 

(Of pure Gaelic stock, educated in Ireland 
and in France. Admitted to Bar 1798 
and at once became known as a brilliant 
lawyer; a devout Catholic, his general 
reputation.) 

5. The last meeting of the Irish Parliament. 

(January 15, 1800.) 

a. Grattan, clad in the uniform of the Volun- 
teers, addressed the House. Never had 

67 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

he made a more eloquent speech, but 
secret service money told and the bill 



b. Bill signed by King George III, August 1, 

1800, Act of Union went into force Jan. 
1, 1801. 

c. Main provisions. 

6. Other Leaders of this time. 

Ponsonby, Parsons, Plunkett, Busbe, Lord 
Clare and Lord Castlereagh. 

7. Pitt promised that the Union would bring 

complete Catholic emancipation. Did it? 



OPINIONS OP WRITERS ON THE ACT OF UNION. 

1. Dr. Johnson said to an Irish gentleman : "Don't 
unite with us; we would unite with you only to rob 
you. ' ' 

2. The conduct of the Irish lawyers at this time was 
on the whole eminently noble. Both Whigs and Tories, 
Protestant and Catholic alike opposed it. At a great 
public meeting of prominent lawyers, a resolution con- 
demning the proposed Union was carried 166 to 32. At 
the end of 1803, there were only five members of the 
minority who had not received appointment from the 
government. 

3. Busbe said: "For centuries, the British Parlia- 
ment and nation kept you down, shackled your com- 
merce and paralyzed your exertions, despised your 

68 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

character, and ridiculed your pretensions to any priv- 
ileges, commercial or constitutional. She has never con- 
ceded a point to you which she could avoid, nor granted 
a favor which was not reluctantly distilled. They have 
been all wrung from her like drops of blood.' ' 

4. Lord Byron in the House of Lords, described it as 
a Union of the shark with its prey. 

5. ' ' The term ' honor, ' if it be applied to such men as 
Castlereagh or Pitt, ceases to have any real meaning in 
politics. ' ' 

6. The Lord Lieutenant was Lord Cornwallis, but 
the principal agent of the government in corrupting the 
legislature was the chief secretary, Lord Castlereagh. 
Cornwallis wrote to the Duke of Portland: "Lord 
Castlereagh 's appointment gave me great satisfaction, 
and although I admit the propriety of the general rule, 
as he is so very unlike an Irishman, I think he has a 
great claim to an exception in his favor. ' ' In the same 
month, we find Lord Castlereagh writing to Mr. Wick- 
ham: "The principal provincial newspapers have been 
secured and every attention will be paid to the press 
generally." The public were prepared by a pamphlet 
in favor of a Union written by the Secretary Cooke. 
Cornwallis later wrote of himself : "I trust that I shall 
live to get out of this most cursed of all situations, and 
most repugnant to my feelings. How I long to kick 
those whom my public duty obliges me to court! My 
occupation is now of the most unpleasant nature, nego- 
tiating and jobbing with the most corrupt people under 
heaven. I despise and hate myself every hour for en- 
gaging in such dirty work, and am supported only by 
the reflection that without a Union, the British empire 
must be dissolved/ ' 

69 



GENERAL SUEVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

7. Lecky, writing of Pitt, says : 

' ' Thus it was that a Minister who professed himself a 
warm friend of Catholic emancipation did more than any 
other English statesman to adjourn the solution of the 
question; that a Minister who began his career as the 
eloquent champion of parliamentary reform resisted 
steadily every attempt to reform the most corrupt bor- 
rough system in Europe ; that a Minister, whose political 
purity has been the theme of so many eulogists, was 
guilty in Ireland of a corruption, before which the worst 
acts of Newcastle and Walpole dwindle into insignifi- 
cance." 

"By raising the hopes of the Catholics almost to cer- 
tainty and then dashing them to the ground ; by taking 
this step at the very moment when the inflammatory 
spirit engendered by the Revolution had begun to spread 
among the people, Pitt sowed in Ireland the seeds of dis- 
cord and bloodshed, of religious animosities and social 
disorganizations, which paralyzed the energies of the 
country and rendered possible the success of his machin- 
ations. The rebellion of 1798 was the direct consequence 
of his policy. Lord Fitzwilliam warned the government 
of what would happen. ' ' 

8. "In the case of Ireland, as truly as in the case of 
Poland, a national constitution was destroyed by a for- 
eign power, contrary to the wishes of the people. In the 
one case, the deed was a crime of violence ; in the other, 
it was a crime of treachery and corruption." 

R e f. — The End of the Irish Parliament, by J. R. 
Fisher. "The Making of Ireland and Its Undoing," 
Mrs. Green. For policy of England, see p. 479-85 ; p. 
233, 449 ; 488-9. In trade, p. 166, 168, 192, 202, 227. 

70 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 
XII. RISING OF UNITED IRISHMEN IN 1803. 

1. Decline of Irish prosperity after the Union. 

% Unionist Catholics disappointed in the hope 
of Emancipation. 

a. Bigotry of George III. 

b. Pitt's duplicity and temporary resigna- 

tion. 

e. Mr. Grey's action in House of Commons. 

d. Sensational report of "dangerous con- 
spiracies" made by secret committee of 
the House of Commons. 

3. Acts of oppression followed. 

a. Suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act 

continued. 

b. Crime and Outrage Acts. 

c. Arms Acts. 

Note: — William Pitt, Lord Grenville, 
Lord Cornwallis, Lord Castlereagh and 
Secretary Dundas all resigned their 
offices within six weeks after the passage 
of the Union. 

Lord Clare died a year and a day after the 
Act of the Union went into effect. Re- 
pulsed on all sides, it is said he died of 
chagrin. 

4. United Irishmen in Prance and elsewhere on 

the Continent. 

a. Thomas Addis Emmet. 

b. Dr. William James MacNevin. 

71 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

c. Hugh Wilson. 

d. Thomas Russell. 

e. Thomas Corbett. 

5. Robert Emmet. 

a. His education. 

b. His travels on Continent. 

Neeling, Napper Tandy, Talleyrand and 
others. 

c. His plan for a "Rising"— 1803. 

d. His part — the seizing of Dublin Castle — 

murder of Lord Kil warden. Emmet's 
indignation. 

e. His arrest ; trial and execution. 

f. Devotion of Anne Devlin. 

6. Sarah Curran. 

7. Thomas Moore, friend of Emmet. Steady ad- 

vance made by Irishmen as orators and writ- 
ers of the English language. 

8. Grattan in the English Parliament, petitions 

for " Catholic relief." 

9. Charles James Fox, Secretary of Foreign Af- 

fairs. Lord Grenville, First Lord of the 
Treasury. 

10. Mr. O'Hara, the first member of the British 

Parliament to start a sentiment of Repeal 
of the Union. His strong opposition to any 
honors for Cornwallis. 

11. Duke of Bedford, Viceroy of Ireland. 

a. Increase of Irish debt. 

b. The Maynooth grant increased from 8,000 

Pounds to 13,000 Pounds per annum. 

72 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

Reason — The Irish College founded in 
Paris. Dr. Walsh at the head. This in- 
stitution sanctioned by Napoleon. 
c. Bill introduced by Lord Howick, called 
the " Catholic Officers ' Bill," violently 
opposed by George III. 
Ref . — Ireland and Her People, by Thomas 
W. Fitzgerald, 1911. Vol. 1-3. Biog. Vol. 
4-5. History: Lib. A 1265— Ireland 
Since '98, by John Mitchel, 1871. Lib. 
C 18662, Daniel O'Connell and the re- 
vival of national life in Ireland, by Rob- 
bert Dunlop, 1900. 

XIII. STRUGGLE FOR CATHOLIC EMANCIPA- 
TION. 

1. Petition for Catholic Relief Bill— 1806. 

Attitude of Grattan and Fox. 

2. War between America and England — 1812. 

3. War between France and England, 

a. Napoleon — Wellington. 

b. Commerce of Ireland during these wars. 

Note change when England is not at 
war. 

4. Suppression of the Catholic Committee— 1821. 

a. Review period of its organization. 1757. 

b. Dr. Curry. Mr. Wyse of Waterford. 

5. The Catholic Association of Ireland — 1823. 

a. Review — Convention Act — 1796. 
73 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

b. Methods and aims of the Association. 

c. O'Connell's campaign of political educa- 

tion. Richard L. Shiel. Keogh's plan. 

6. Election of O'Connell— 1828. 

7. Emancipation Act passed March 30, 1829. 

a. Attitude of the Duke of Wellington and 

Sir Robert Peel. 

b. Some provisions of the Act. 

8. Disfranchisement of the 40s. freeholders, in 

Ireland (not in England) . This Act substi- 
tuted a 10 pound freehold for a qualification 
to vote. Practically disfranchising the 
Catholics. 

9. Industrial discontent between 1800 and 1825. 

Causes : (Read A Hundred Years of Irish 

History, by Richard Barry O'Brien. 

Lib. A 1469). 
Introduction of labor saving machinery. 

Carding machine and spinning jenny — 

James Hargraves. 

b. Improved power loom by Richard Ark- 

wright. 

c. First locomitive — Stephenson. 

d. Conditions in mines a little improved by 

the invention of the miners ' safety lamp. 
Sir Humphrey Davy. 

e. Sudden change from war to peace, 1815, 

produced great distress by placing dis- 
banded soldiers and sailors in an over- 
stocked labor field. Unfavorable seasons 

74 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

and corn laws. Famine. Evils of ex- 
isting land system. Emigration. See 
Chapter XIII Mrs. Green's "Irish Na- 
tionality. ' ' 

XIV. THE TITHE WAR. 



1. Tithes — Purpose of — How collected — 

Organized resistance, especially in the South. 
Wexford, Kilkenny and Cork. 

2. Coercion Act 1833. The Church Temporali- 

ties Act 1833 and the Tithe Bill 1838. * 

3. System of National Education, established in 

Ireland 1831 by Lord Stanley, then chief 
Secretary. 

Note A. What the English claimed for the 
system — and what it really was. Also 
attitude of thi3 system toward the Irish 
language. 

3. English Poor Law System established in Ire- 
land by Lord John Russell 1838. Attitude 
of the Irish to this Bill. Read works of 
Charles Dickens, written some twenty years 
later to show they were not successful in 
England. 

5. Importance of Reform Bill of 1832. (Eng- 
lish history.) 

75 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

6. The Repeal Association, sometimes called the 

Society of the Friends of Ireland. 

a. The monster meetings, notable one at 

Clontarf— 1845. 

b. O'Connell addressed a sober, serious peo- 

ple owing to the wonderful mission of 
The Apostle of Temperance. 

7. Father Mathew. 

8. Government alarmed: Arrest and imprison- 

ment of O'Connell. Effect of imprisonment 
upon O'Connell. 

9. The Young Ireland Party. 

a. Its objects and methods. 

b. Opposition of O'Connell and the Catholic 

Clergy. 

10. "The Nation," the paper of the new party. 

Motto — "Educate that you may be free." 
The question of the freedom of the press 
arose. 

11. Noted Leaders of the Party. 

Thomas Davis Charles Gaven Duffy. 

John Mitchel. John Blake Dillon. 

Thomas Meagher. William Smith O'Brien. 

James Stephens. O'Doherty 

12. Famine of 1846 and '47— Population of Ire- 

land in 1845 was between 8 and 9 million. 
After the famine it was about six and a 
half million. Death of O'Connell in 1847. 

76 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 
XV. THE FENIANS AND DISESTABLISHMENT. 

1. Division in the Young Ireland Party, 

(Review Irish political leaders — lesson 
XIV). 

a. The Irish Confederation. 

b. Military Clubs — and their official organ 

the ' ' United Irishmen. ' ' 

c. Passage of the Treason Felony Act — April 

25, 1848. 

2. Rising of 1848. 

a. Leaders — Their fate. 

b. Results — Immediate and Remote. 

3. The Phoenix Society. James Stephens. 

O'Donovan Rossa. Conspiracy — Skibbereen. 
P. J. Downing instructor in the Phoenix So- 
ciety in New York. 

4. The Fenian Brotherhood. O'Donovan Rossa, 

O'Leary, Kickham, O'Mahoney, Men of 
"48." John Mandeville and his nephews, 
James and Frank. 

a. Organized in both Ireland and in America. 

b. Rapid growth in America — reasons? 

c. England favors the South during Ameri- 

can Civil War. Effect upon Irish North- 
ern soldiers. 

d. "The Irish People ' '—official organ of the 

Fenians in Ireland. The English ' ' spy ' ' 
in Fenian ranks. 

77 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

e. Important Fenian documents seized by the 
government. Arrest and escape of 
Stephens— 1865. 

5. Fenian invasion of Canada. Results. 

The Know Nothing Party a movement 
against the Irish. President Johnson 
interferes. Brave work of John 'Neill. 

6. Fenian Rising of 1867 in Ireland. The Erin's 

Hope from America. 

7. Fenians in England. 

a. The Manchester martyrs. Allen, Larkin 

and O'Brien— Nov. 23, 1867. 

b. Clerkenwell explosion. Attack Chester 

Castle. 

8. William E. Gladstone — Disestablishment 1869. 

* ' The alarm aroused public opinion and frightened the 
English. Men began to understand the profound misery 
in which Ireland was sunk, and the necessity for repair- 
ing the wrongs of the past. The Act of 1867 had just 
then sent to Parliament a body of members chosen on a 
wider and more democratic franchise. Almost imme- 
diately afterwards Gladstone secured the passage of the 
Bill for the 'Disestablishment' of the Anglican 
Church in Ireland, and the first Land Act (1870). To 
all appearances Fenianism had been a miserable fiasco. 
In reality it had succeeded where O'Connell and Young 
Ireland had failed. "—Paul Dubois 



78 



Chronological Table of Important 
Events in Irish History 



IRELAND BEFORE THE ANGLO-NORMAN 
INVASION 
A.D. 

432 Beginning of St. Patrick's mission. 

554 Malediction of Tara. 

563 Christianity preached in the Western Isles by St. 
Columbkille. 

574 Convention of Drumcheat (or Drumketta). 

690 The Boromean Tribute ceased to be levied. 

795 Beginning of Norse invasions. 

832 Arrival of Turgesius. 

845 Turgesius drowned. 

853 "Nosegelt" collected. 

968 Battle of Sulcoit. 

976 Assassination of Mahon. 

978 Brian Boru king of Munster. 

980 Defeat of the Norsemen near Tara by Malachi II. 

984 Brian Boru king of Leinster. 
1000 Battle of Glenmana. 

1002 Brian Boru usurps the position of Ard-ri. 
1014 Battle of Clontarf. 
1022 Death of Malachi II. 

1048 Donogh O'Brien Ard-ri "with opposition." 
1064 Dermot Mac Mael na mbo Ard-ri "with opposi- 
tion." 
1072 Turlogh O 'Brien, Donald 's nephew, Ard-ri ' ' with 
opposition." 

79 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

A.D. 

1086 Death of Turlogh O'Brien. Murkertagh O'Brien 
succeeds Turlogh as King of Munster, and con- 
tends with Donal O'Loughlin for the crown of 
Ireland. 

1119 Death of Murkertagh O'Brien. 

1121 Death of Donal O'Laughlin. 

1151 Turlogh O'Connor of Connacht became Ard-ri 

"with opposition." (This was the result of a 
long struggle between the 'Briens and 'Con- 
nors.) 

1152 Abduction of O'Rourke's wife by Dermot Mac- 

Morrough. 

1154 Struggle between Turlogh O'Connor and 
O'Loughlin, King of Ulster, for the crown of 
Ireland. Papal Bull granted to Henry II. 

1156 Death of Turlogh O'Connor. Turlogh succeeded 
in the kingship of Connacht by his son Roder- 
ick (Rory). The struggle between the O'Con- 
nors and 'Loughlins continued. 

1159 Murtagh O'Loughlin Ard-ri "with opposition." 

1166 Death of O'Loughlin. Rory O'Connor Ard-ri. 

1168 Banishment of Dermot MacMorrough. 

FROM THE ANGLO-NORMAN INVASION TO THE 
TUDOR PERIOD 

1169 Arrival of Fitzstephen, Fitzgerald, Prendergast, 

and other Anglo-Normans. 

1170 Arrival of Strongbow. 

1171 Arrival of Henry II. Death of MacMorrough. 

1172 Establishment of a Government in Dublin. Re- 

turn of Henry II to England. 

1175 Treaty of Windsor. 

1176 Death of Strongbow. 

80 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

A.D. 

1180 Death of Archbishop Laurence Toole. 
1185 Arrival of Prince John. 
1198 Death of Rory O'Connor. 
1210 Arrival of King John. 

1278 Petition of Irish Chiefs for the protection of 
English law. 

1315 Arrival of Edward Bruce. His coronation at 

Dundalk. 

1316 Arrival of Robert Bruce. 
1318 Battle of Faughart. 
1347 The Black Death. 

1367 The Statute of Kilkenny passed. 
1379 Statute against absentees passed. 
1394 First expedition of Richard II. 
1399 Second expedition of Richard II. 
1402 Defeat of the 'Byrnes ( MacMorrough 's allies). 
1407 MacMorrough defeated at Callan by Sir Stephen 
Scrope, Deputy. 

1413 Colonists defeated at Wexford by MacMorrough. 

1414 Sir John Talbot, afterwards Earl of Shrewsbury, 

appointed Lord-Lieutenant. 

1417 Death of MacMorrough. 

1449 The Duke of York, heir to the English throne, ap- 
pointed Lord Lieutenant. 

1462 Battle between the Butlers (Lancastrians) and 
Geraldines (Yorkists) at Pilltown, Kilkenny. 

1474 Establishment of the Brotherhood of St. George. 

THE TUDOR PERIOD 

1487 Coronation of Simnel at Dublin. 
1492 Warbeck's arrival in Cork. 

1494 Appointment of Poynings as Lord Deputy. Act 
known as "Poyning's Law" passed. 

81 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

A.D. 

1497 Warbeck's second arrival in Ireland. 

1504 Battle of Knockdoe. 

1513 Death of the great Earl of Kildare. 

1534 Rebellion of Silken Thomas. 

1535 Capture of Maynooth Castle. Surrender of 

Silken Thomas. 

1536 Act of Supremacy passed. 

1537 Execution of Silken Thomas and his five uncles. 

1540 Formal submission of many Irish chiefs. 

1541 Henry VIII declared King of Ireland. 

1558 The territories of Leix and Offaly ' ' planted. ' ' 

1559 Shane 'Neill assumes the title of ' ' The Weill. ' ' 

1560 Capture of O'Donnell and his wife by Shane 

O 'Neill. Act of Uniformity passed. 

1561 Defeat of Sussex by Shane. Visit of Shane to 

London. 
1563 The Treaty of Benburb. 
1565 Scots of Antrim defeated by Shane 'Neill. 
1567 Shane defeated by the 'Donnells at Letterkenny. 

Shane murdered by the Scots of Antrim. The 

Earl of Desmond and his brother arrested by 

Sir Henry Sidney. 
1569 Eising of Sir James Fitzmaurice, Fitzgerald, and 

several others. 
1571 Capture of Kilmallock by Sir James Fitzmaurice. 
1573 Surrender of Fitzmaurice. 

1579 Arrival (at Smerwick) of Fitzmaurice from the 

Continent. Death of Fitzmaurice. Rising of 
the Munster Geraldines. Desmond places him- 
self at the head of the rebels. 

1580 Battle of Glenmalure. Massacre of the Spaniards 

at Smerwick. 

1582 Conclusion of the Desmond rebellion. 

1583 Murder of Desmond. 

82 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

A.D. 

1586 Confiscation and plantation of Munster. 

1587 Capture of Red Hugh O'Donnell. 
1592 Escape of Red Hugh O'Donnell. 

1595 League of the Ulster chiefs. Hugh O'Neill, Earl 
of Tyrone, assumes the title of "The O'Neill." 
Battle of Clontibret. 

1597 Battles of Drumflugh and Tyrrell's Pass. 

1598 Siege of Portmore and Battle of the Yellow Ford. 

1599 Campaign of the Earl of Essex in Ireland. Bat- 

tle of the Plumes. 

1600 Arrival of Mount joy and Carew in Ireland. 

1601 Arrival of the Spaniards at Kinsale. 

1602 Battle of Kinsale. Red Hugh sets out for Spain. 

Retreat of 'Sullivan Beare. 

1603 Tyrone makes peace with Mount joy. Death of 

Elizabeth and accession of James I. 

THE FIRST TWO STUARTS AND THE COMMON- 
WEALTH 

1604 Succession of tanistry and gavelkind abolished. 

1607 Flight of the Earls. 

1608 Rebellion of O'Doherty. Confiscation of six Ul- 

ster counties. 

1610 The Brehon Code abolished. 

1611 Plantation of Ulster. 
1626 The ' ' Graces ' ' promised. 

1633 Appointment of Wentworth as Lord Deputy. 

1640 Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, leaves Ireland. 

1641 Conspiracy of Rory O 'Moore, Sir Phelim O 'Neill, 

and others. General rising throughout Ireland. 

1642 Spread of the rising throughout Ireland. Con- 

federation of Kilkenny. 

1643 Partial cessation of hostilities. 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

A.D. 

1645 Rinucini's arrival. 

1646 Battle of Benburb. 

1647 Surrender of Dublin by Ormond to the English 

Parliament. Battles of Dungan Hill and 
Knocknanos. 

1648 Dissension among the Confederates. 

1649 Execution of Charles I. Prince Charles pro- 

claimed king at Cork. Rinucini leaves Ireland. 
Ormond besieges Dublin and is defeated at 
Rathmines. Arrival of Cromwell and capture 
of Drogheda and Wexford. Many of the south- 
ern garrisons declare for the Parliament. 
Death of Owen Roe. 

1650 Capture of Kilkenny, Clonmel, and other towns 

by Cromwell. Return of Cromwell to England. 

1651 Capture of Athlone and Limerick. 

1652 Surrender of Galway. Act for the Settlement of 

Ireland passed. Transplantation of the Irish 
to the west of the Shannon begins. 
1660 The Restoration. 

FROM THE RESTORATION TO THE TREATY OF 
LIMERICK 

1662 Act of Settlement passed. 

1663 Navigation Act passed in the English Parliament. 

1665 Act of Explanation passed. 

1666 Importation of Irish cattle and provisions into 

England prevented by an Act of the English 
Parliament. 

1685 Accession of James II. 

1686 Talbot appointed commander of the forces in Ire- 

land. 

84 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

Talbot created Earl of Tirconnell and Lord-Lieu- 
tenant of Ireland. 

Landing of William in England. Flight of 
James. Panic among the Protestants of Ire- 
land. 

Arrival of James II in Ireland. Derry and En- 
niskillen besieged. Parliament held at Dublin. 
Battle of Newtownbutler. Arrival of a Wil- 
liamite army under Schomberg. 

Arrival of William at Carrickfergus. Battle of 
the Boyne. James sets out for France. Lim- 
erick unsuccessfully besieged by the William- 
ites. Return of William to England. Kinsale 
and Cork captured by John Churchill, after- 
wards Duke of Marlborough. 

Athlone captured. Battle of Aughrim. Limerick 
again besieged. Articles of Limerick signed. 
This treaty was broken "ere the ink where- 
with 'twas writ could dry. ' ' 

THE PERIOD OF THE PENAL LAWS 

Catholics excluded from the Irish Parliament. 

Acts for disarming Catholics and for depriving 
them of education either in or out of Ireland. 

Publication of Molyneux 's book. The Case of Ire- 
land 's being Bound by Acts of Parliament in 
England stated. Passing of Act imposing pen- 
alties on Protestants who married Catholics. 

Passing of two Acts — one by the English Parlia- 
ment, the other by the Irish Parliament — which 
ruined the Irish woolen industry. 

The "Popery Act" passed. 

Passing of more penal measures. 

85 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

A.D. 

1719 Sherlock vs. Annesley case. Passing of the 
" Sixth of George I" in English Parliament 

1723 Granting of patent to William Wood. 

1724 Publication of Drapier's Letters. 

1725 Withdrawal of the patent granted to Wood. 
1727 Complete disfranchisement of the Catholics. 

1760 Thurot's Raid. 

1761 Beginning of the Whiteboy movement. 
1768 Octennial Act passed. 

1771 Measure of Catholic relief passed. 

1775 Grattan enters Parliament. 

1776 Embargo laid on export of provisions from Irish 

ports. 

1778 Measure of Catholic relief passed. 

1779 Enrollment of the Volunteers. 

1780 English Parliament passed Acts which allowed 

Ireland "Free Trade." 
1782 Measure of Catholic Relief passed. Dungannon 
Convention. Repeal of "Sixth of George I." 



THE ERA OF LEGISLATIVE INDEPENDENCE 

1783 Renunciation Act passed. Flood's Reform Bill 
rejected. 

1789 Action of the Irish Parliament with regard to the 
regency. 

1791 Wolfe Tone appointed Secretary of the Catholic 
Committee. Society of United Irishmen estab- 
lished. 

1793 Measure of Catholic relief passed. Gunpowder 
Act and Convention Act passed. 

1795 Lord Fitzwilliam appointed Viceroy. Recall of 
Lord Fitzwilliam. Tone leaves Ireland for 

86 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 



A.D. 



America. Preparation of the United Irishmen 
(now a secret society) for a rising. 

1796 The Insurrection Act passed. Tone and others in 

France. The French in Bantry Bay. 

1797 Grattan withdraws from Parliament. Martial 

Law proclaimed in Ulster. 

1798 Martial Law proclaimed in Leinster. Arrest of 

the leading United Irishmen. Risings in va- 
rious parts of Leinster. Risings in Down and 
Antrim. Arrival of the French at Killala. Ar- 
rival of the French at Lough Swilly. Capture 
of Tone. 

1799 The proposals for the Union before the Irish 

Parliament. 

1800 The Act of Union passed. 

AFTER THE UNION 

1803 Rising under Robert Emmet. 

1810 O'Connell elected chairman of the Catholic Com- 
mittee. 

1823 Catholic Association founded by O'Connell. 

1828 O'Connell returned for Clare. 

1829 Catholic Relief Bill passed. 

1830 Beginning of ' ' Tithe War. ' ' 

1831 System of national education established. 
1833 Church Temporalities Act passed. 

1838 Tithe Bill passed. Irish Poor Law Bill passed. 

1843 Trial of O 'Connell for conspiracy begins. 

1845 Outbreak of the potato blight. 

1847 The great famine year. 

1848 Rising under Smith O 'Brien. 

1858 Members of the " Phoenix Society" arrested. 
1865 "Irish People" suppressed. 

87 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

A.D. 

1867 Fenian insurrectionary outbreak. 

1869 Disestablishment of the Irish Church. 

1870 Land Act passed. Home Government Association 

founded. 

1872 Ballot Act passed. 

1879 Land League established. 

1881 Land Act passed. 

1882 Arrears Act passed. Phoenix Park murders. 

1885 Ashbourne Land Act passed. 

1886 First Home Rule Bill introduced. 
1891 Land Act passed. Death of Parnell. 

1893 Second Home Rule Bill introduced. Gaelic 

League established. 

1903 The Wyndham Land Act passed. 

THIRTY MEMORABLE DATES IN IRISH HIS- 
TORY 

432 Mission of St. Patrick to Ireland. 

795 Beginning of the Norse ravages. 

1014 The battle of Clontarf . 

1169 Beginning of the Anglo-Norman invasion. 

1315 Bruce invasion. 

1367 Statute of Kilkenny passed. 

1494 Poyning's Law passed. 

1536 Act of Supremacy passed. 

1560 Act of Uniformity passed. 

1567 Defeat and death of Shane O'Neill. 

1598 Battle of the Yellow Ford. 

1602 Battle of Kinsale. 

1607 The ' ' Flight of the Earls. ' ' 

1611 The plantation of Ulster. 

1641 Beginning of Great Insurrection. 

1649 Arrival of Cromwell. 

88 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 

A.D. 

1652 Cromwellian Act of Settlement passed. 

1690 Battle of the Boyne. 

1719 The " Sixth of George I" passed. 

1782 Dungannon Convention. Poyning's Law and the 

* ' Sixth of George I ' ' repealed. 

1798 The " United Irishmen' ' rebellion. 

1800 Act of Union passed. 

1829 Catholic Emancipation Bill passed. 

1847 The Famine. 

1848 Rising under Smith O'Brien. 
1867 Fenian Rising. 

1869 Disestablishment of Irish Church. 

1870 Land Act passed. 

1881 Land Courts established. 

1903 Wyndham Land Act passed. 



Note: References to books in 
this outline, when not other- 
wise specified, refer to call 
numbers in the Chicago Public 
Library. Ex. (Lib. L 7104.) 

89 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



Chicago 
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General Classification and 


Author. 


Library. 


Title. 






IRISH EMIGRANTS. 




A 3711 


Irish in Australia. 


James F. Hogan, 

1887. 


B III 


Irish in America. 


John F. Maguire, 




(The above includes an ac- 


1868. 




count of the Irish in Can- 






ada.) 






Sketches from America. 




I 5126 


Part I, Irish in Canada. 


John White, 




Part II, A Picnic to the 


1870. 




Rocky Mountains. 






Part III, The Irish in 






America. 






Irish American Historical 


John D. Crim- 




Miscellany. 


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Part I, Irish in United 






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Part II, Irish in New 
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U-2264 


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1903. 


B. 5465 


Irish in American Revolution. 


James Haltigan, 
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B-779 


The American Irish and their 


Philip H. Bage- 




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B. 2340 


A History of the Irish Set- 


Thomas D'Arcy 




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McGee, Bos- 




from earliest period to the 


ton, 1852. 




census of 1850. 




L 1639 


Irish Emigration to the 


Stephen Byrne, 




United States. 


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L 1650 


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Seventeenth and Eighteenth 


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GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 



Chicago 
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IRISH EMIGRANTS. 




M-1510 


Irish Faith in America; Tr. 
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New York, 1881. 


M-410 


The Religious Mission of the 


Rt. Rev. John L. 




Irish People and Catholic 


Spalding, Bp. 




Colonization. 


of Peoria, 
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V. 2079 


Irish in Chicago: Biograph- 


Charles French, 




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B. 2345 


American Irish Historical So- 
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B 2191 


History of the Friendly Sons 


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of St. Patrick and the Hi- 


bell, Philadel- 




bernian Society. 


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Irish in Pennsylvania — Irish 


Albert C. Myers, 


B4333 


Quakers, etc. 

"1798" 


1902. 


P. 1671 


Historic Memoirs of Ireland. 


Sir Jonah Bar- 
rington, Lon- 
don, 1835. 


A 1174 


A Personal Narrative of 


Thomas Cloney, 




Transactions in the County 


Dublin, 1832. 




Wexford during 1798 ; brief 






notes of the principal 






actors. 




A 1416 


History of the Irish Insurrec- 


Edward Hay, 




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New York, 
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The United Irishmen; their 


Richard R. Mad- 




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den, London, 

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History of the Irish Rebellion 


William R. Max- 




of 1798. 


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A 1190 




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91 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 



General Classification and 
Title. 



Author. 



"1798" 
Ireland, 1798-1898. 

Documents relating to Ire- 
land, 1796-1804. Official ac- 
count of secret service 
money. 

'98 and '48. The Modern 
Revolutionary History and 
Literature of Ireland. 

Studies in Irish History and 
Biography; mainly of the 
18th century. 

The Sham Squire; and the 
informers of 1798. 

FENIAN BROTHERHOOD. 

The Secret Societies of the 
European Revolution. 

The Fenian Brotherhood. Pp. 
208-251. 

Twenty-five Years in the 
Secret Service : recollec- 
tions of a spy, by Henri Le 
Caron. 

Narration of the Fenian In- 
vasion of Canada. 

Fenian Poems. 

Ireland in 1868: the battle- 
field for English party 
strife. 

Repeal Association of Ireland. 

The Men of '48. Being a 
brief history of the repeal 
association and the Irish 
confederation. 



Wm. C. Morris, 
London, 1898. 

John T. Gilbert, 
Dublin, 1893. 



John Savage, 
1856. 

C. Lilton Falk- 
iner, 1902. 

Wm. J. Fitzpat- 
rick, 1895. 



Thomas Frost, 
1876. Vol.2— 
275-302. 

Charles G. Hal- 
pine, 1866. 

Thomas Beach, 
1892. 



Alexander Som- 
erville, 1886. 

J. O'Daly- 

Gerald Fitzgib- 
bon. 



James F. McGee, 
New York, 
1874. 



92 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 



Chicago 






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Author. 


Library. 


Title. 






FENIAN BROTHERHOOD. 




A 1268 


Young Ireland: The Felon's 


Michael Doheny, 




Track — a narration of '48. 


London, 1875. 


A 1321 


Four Years of Irish History, 


Sir Chas. G. 




1845 to 1849. 


Duffy, 1882. 


C 17788 


My Life in Two Hemis- 


Sir Chas. G. 




pheres. 


Duffy, 1898. 




HOME RULE. 




L 135 


Speeches on the Legislative 


Thomas G. Mea- 




Independence of Ireland. 


gher, 1853. 


A 1350 


Irish Ideas. 


William O'Brien, 
1893. 


A 1334 


The Parnell Movement with 


Thos. P. O'Con- 




a sketch of Irish parties 


nor, 1886. 




from 1843. 




A 1365 


The Cause of Ireland Pleaded 


Bern'rd O'Reilly, 




before the Civilized World. 


1886. 


C 2922 


Personal Recollections of an 


Richard Pigott, 




Irish National Journalist. 


1882. 


L-11769 


A History of The Irish Par- 


Frank H. O'Don- 




liamentary party. 


nell, Long- 




Contents I. Butt and Parnell. 


mans, 1910. 




Nationhood and anarchy. 






The curse of American 






money. 






II. Parnell and the Lieuten- 






ants, etc. 




A 1367 


The Saving of Ireland, indus- 


Sir George Pow- 




trial, financial, political. 


ell, 1898. 


A 1398 


Home Rule Speeches of John 


F. A. Stokes, 




E. Redmond. 


1909. 


I. 10275 


Ireland Yesterday and Today. 


Hugh Suther- 
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93 



GENERAL SURVEY OF IRISH HISTORY 



General Classification and 
Title. 



Author. 



HOME RULE. 

Ireland's Case Stated in Re- 
ply to Mr. Froude. 

The New British Constitution 
and its master builders: 
Mr. Gladstone and the 
Home Rule movement in the 
English Parliament. 

Sidelights on the Home Rule 
Movement. Contents : Sir 
William Harcourt: The 
Fenian movement; The ris- 
ing of 1867; The Clerken- 
well explosion; From 1880 
to the Kilmainham treaty; 
The Phoenix Park mur- 
ders ; Mr. Gladstone and his 
policy. 

Ireland Since the Union: 
Sketches of Irish History 
since 1798 to 1886. 

Ireland's Cause in England's 
Parliament. 

Incidents of My Life with 
Services in the Cause of 
Ireland. 

Ireland Under English Rule. 

The Crime Against Ireland. 

The Fall of Feudalism in Ire- 
land. Story of the Land 
League Revolution. 

Ireland Past and Present: A 
complete history of the land 
question. 



Thomas N. 
Burke, 1873. 

George D. C. 
Argyll, 1888. 



Sir Robert An- 
derson, 1906. 



Justin H. Mc- 
Carthy, Chi- 
cago, 1887. 

Justin Mc- 
Carthy, 1888. 

Thomas Addis 
Emmet, 1911. 

Thomas Addis 
Emmet, 1903. 

Mrs. J. E. Fos- 
ter, 1888. 

Michael Davitt, 
1904. 

David P. Con- 
yngham, 1884. 



94 



